从拖雷、贵由和阿里不哥的死因论大蒙古国的分裂

本文从探讨拖雷、贵由及阿里不哥三个关键性人物的死因入手,论述大蒙古国由统一到分裂的历史过程。关于此三人的死因,史书记载较为隐晦,颇有疑点。本文通过对相关史料的比较、分析与推论,认为他们的死亡都是蒙古皇族内部斗争的结果。围绕着大汗权位,蒙古皇族成员展开激烈的角逐,内讧不断。大蒙古国所以难以持久,最终分崩离析,这是一个重要的原因。     

蒙元初期的丝绸之路与国家治理

13世纪,随着蒙元帝国的兴起和边界的快速推移,新疆由传统的中国边疆西域变为帝国版图的核心区。四通八达的交通和保障有力的驿站运输,保证了帝国一统天下,重构了此前衰微的丝绸之路。移藩去篱、交叠有效的治理,使蒙元帝国在多元互动、交融共生之中走向繁盛,生动诠释了“丝路精神”,促进了中华民族的形成,为人类文明发展做出了贡献。“一带一路”建设会使新疆由中国“边疆”跃居亚太“核心”,为更多国家和地区的人民带来福祉,促进中国与世界的和平发展。     

西夏对外政策的历史考察

:西夏在长期的对外交往中形成了以趋利避害、左右逢源、灵活务实为主要特征的对外政策 ,表现出和平交往与兵戎相见的错综复杂性。西夏的对外政策既是西夏与诸政权间力量对比消长变化的产物 ,又提供了其自身发展壮大和与各强大势力巧妙周旋、长期并存的重要条件 ,同时也给当时北方民族关系和政治格局以深刻影响     

创建黑水城出土文献研究新的里程碑

黑水城文书是20世纪继甲骨文、汉晋简牍、敦煌文书以后的又一次重大出土文献发现。对于这批珍贵文献,史金波从文物、文献和史料以及学术等三个方面对其价值进行探讨的同时,指出了在录文、定名和断代过程中需要注意的问题,并对黑水城出土汉文文献的研究情况作了探讨。白滨从文献出土地辨析与文献甄别、文献缀合以及文献残卷的拟题与断代等三个问题入手,以现有的研究成果为个例对黑水城文献整理与研究过程中应该注意的问题作了解析。孙继民对文献的朝代构成和学科定名问题进行探讨后认为,黑水城文献的朝代构成中可确定的是唐、五代、辽、宋、西夏、金、伪齐、元(包括北元)诸朝;目前流行的"西夏学"一语不足以涵盖黑水城文献的性质,围绕黑水城文献而兴起的专门学问用"黑城学"或"黑水城文献学"定名更为恰当;此外,他还对"黑城学"与"西夏学"的关系进行了辨析。杨倩描认为,俄藏黑水城宋代军政文书不仅可以对两宋之际以鄜延路为中心的西北地区史料作一定的补充,而且对一些具有普遍意义的宋代制度、事件、人物的研究也有相当的价值。     

Historiography and transformation of ethnic identity in the Mongol Empire: the Öng’üt case

Throughout their history, Inner Asian empires used familiar imperial institutions to rapidly impose new ethnic designations and their attendant languages, such as ‘Türk’ or ‘Mongol’, on their subjects. The swiftness of this integration into new ethnic designations should not be taken to mean that this integration was painless, however. In the well-documented Mongol empire, for example, this incorporation was extremely traumatic for many Inner Asian ethnic groups, even where the subordinate local elites achieved high status in the new regime. This may be seen in the case of the Öng’üt, a Christian Turkic-speaking people of Inner Mongolia whose rulers then became key marriage partners of the Mongol aristocracy. Successive iterations of the origin story of the Öng’üt rulers show how these histories went through vast changes as they were forcibly incorporated into the new empire, and dealt with the internal conflicts sparked by that incorporation. Previously central parts of their historic past, such as Christianity and service as border guards to the previous Jin dynasty, had to be marginalized and a new historical past had to be created. Historiography thus reflected and shaped changes in ethnic identity in a traumatic dynastic transition.     

西夏文《经史杂抄》考源

西夏文《经史杂抄》一书出土已近百年,因首尾皆佚,内容芜杂,此前一直未获全文解读,出处亦不明。本文指出此书主要依据敦煌汉文文献《新集文词九经抄》编译而来,是目前所知西夏人编译的唯一一本通篇征引汉文俗文学的作品。对它的解读可以解决夏译汉籍悬而未决的最后一个谜团,从而为研究西夏教育和文化交流提供一份宝贵的材料。     

晚期罗马帝国的集权体制和吏治腐败

在晚期罗马帝国,全部权力集中到皇帝和以皇帝为首的等级森严的官僚机构中。由于官僚体制的权力非常大,不受国家基本成员所实行的任何监督,从而变得腐化和庸劣无能,表现为皇帝和官僚之间的相互欺诈,行政官员的日益腐败,买官和卖官盛行,以及经济腐败、军队腐败和司法腐败等。腐败使晚期帝国政府频临解体的边缘,国家的命运陷入岌岌可危的处境。     

论俄罗斯帝国伊斯兰教的发展与穆斯林政策的变化

伊斯兰教是俄罗斯的传统宗教之一。在俄罗斯帝国领土的不断扩张过程中,越来越多的异域穆斯林成为其臣民。穆斯林对俄罗斯庞大帝国的缔造与发展发挥过重要的作用。1897年的全俄第一次人口普查显示,俄罗斯帝国穆斯林人口已达到1388．94万左右,占当时全国总人口的11．06％;到1917年时,俄罗斯帝国境内的穆斯林人口已上升到2000万。截至目前,我国关于俄罗斯帝国伊斯兰教的研究仍然非常薄弱。本文有助于我们比较系统地了解俄罗斯帝国伊斯兰教的发展与当局伊斯兰教政策的变化等问题。     

一个多民族文学融合互动的范本——《述善集》文学文献价值考述

“Tangwu” is an alternative name for the descendants of the Xixia dynasty. In 1227 AD, a number of these Xixia descendants moved inland after the destruction of the Xixia Dynasty by the Mongolians. One group of them migrated to the area near Puyang, Henan Province. Tangwu Chongxi ( Yang Chongxi ) of the Yuan Dynasty compiled the Shu San Ji, which is divided into three volumes: Shansu, Yucai and Xingshi, and appended with the biography of Boyan Zongdao. It reflects the historical origins, social class, living conditions and the relations with the Han people of the descendants of the Dangxiangqiang minority af-ter they moved to Puyang. This book attracted a lot of attention in academic circles, and it was there-fore reorganized and published in 1985 after being treasured by the people for more than 600 years. It has high academic value for its comprehensive his-torical records. We can not only acquaint ourselves with the history of the make-up of the Chinese na-tion, but also research this diversity from multiple perspectives, such as history, nationality and folk-lore . That is why it has drawn so much attention a-mong academic researchers. The book contains po-ems, prose and biographies, which belong to dif-ferent celebrated scholars from different ethnic mi-norities, all of whom had relationships with Tang-wu Chongxi. It is also a typical model of Qiang-Han literature, which is very rare. This paper gives a preliminary exploration on the book, and shows a small part of its comprehensive value. Shu San Ji is not a merely personal collec-tion, but is also different from general literature collections. The compilation of the book took a long time. Shu San Ji Xuxie ( Continuation of Shu San Ji) , written by Zhang Yining, was finished in the 18 th year of the Zhizheng Period in the Yuan Dynasty (1358), which indicates that the Shu San Ji had already been finished by that time . Zeng wuwei chushi yangxiangxian xu ( Presented to Chu Shi Yang Xingxian·Preface ) , written by Wei Su and finished in the 24 th year of Zhizheng ( 1364 ) , suggests that the Shu San Ji had been compiled in-to a book by that time, and that it was compiled with the compositions of social celebrities of the time. However, the Shu San Ji, as it has been handed down to us today, includes the Song Yang-gong Xiangxian gui Tanyuan xu ( Preface of Send-ing Yanggong Xiangxian Back to Tanyuan) by Tao Kai, written in March in the 5 th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty ( 1372 ) . It indicates that Yang Xiangxian kept on collecting articles even after the book was finished. The Xu yangshi yiji ( Preface of Yang’s Last Collection) by Wang Chongqing, writ-ten in the 6th year of Jiajing (1527), indicates that the Shu San Ji was still being written after Yang Chongxi’s death. At the end of the Shu San Ji , Boyang Zongdao zhuan ( Biography of Boyang Zongdao) and Weiti shi (Poems) were collected in the 16 th year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1529) and in the 16th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1629), respectively. It suggests that the
Shu San Ji had been supplemented and continually recompiled since Yang Chongxi firstly finished his book in 1358. After 271 years, in 1629, the Shu San Ji, as we read it today, was finally comple-ted. Through the basic components of the Shu San Ji,readers can understand that the Tangwu family was a harmonious, multi-ethnic family. A number of multi-ethnic writers spent long periods compos-ing works collected in the Shu San Ji and Tangwu Chongxi was also influenced by China’s diverse culture and traditional Confucian culture. The work is strongly connected with his study in Guozixue. In the late Yuan Dynasty, the restora-tion of the imperial examinations promoted Confucianism’s influence further. Pan Di, as Tang-wu Chongxi’s teacher in Guozixue, wrote most arti-cles in the Shu San Ji, which shows their close re-lationship and his influences on Tangwu Chongxi’s literature and Confucian studies. Tangwu Chongxi and others’ works reflected their sense of admira-tion for and deep feelings for their Dangxiang an-cestors, but more so helped to propagate the con-cepts of Confucian edification, diligence, thrifti-ness and benevolence, and some of them did so in a very polemic way. For example, Boyan Zongdao wrote the Jiefu xu ( preface of “Jiefu”) and Tang-wu Chongxi wrote the Jiefu houxu ( epilogue of“Jiefu”) , which reflect the social reality and ide-ology of all scholars with different ethnic back-grounds at that time. His work, “Tangwu gong-bei” fushi ( Poem inscribed on Tangwu Tablet ) , was written in a plain and authentic way and showed that he always remembered his origins and his ethnic desire to inherit the family’s heritage. Meanwhile , it was also mixed with the popular ide-as of upholding the honor of their ancestors from the central plains and Han areas, which shows the
editorial purpose of the Shu San Ji and also dem-onstrates the value of Chinese multi-ethnic litera-ture and cultural integration.     

20世纪初英帝国建制工作评析

20世纪初,英国进行了大规模的帝国建制工作。早已衰落的自由主义再度成为帝国建设的主导思想,文化相对主义、社会主义也适时对帝国建设提出补充性看法。根据这些理论,英国建成了白人移民殖民地、印度、附属帝国三层帝国管理体制。然而,该体制也暴露出了滞后性和难以真正解决权力平衡的弱点,这与后来的帝国解体存在着必然的联系。