Nursing Home Ownership

Abstract

Following the Second World War, the idea of the life course with distinct periods of education, work, and retirement became popular as a result of the alliance of interests of unions and management, with politicians seizing the opportunity to accommodate them. These “social partners” implemented benefit rules and created practices for using old age and disability to ease the exit of older workers. Although justifiable at the time, now those rules and practices hinder individual and employer incentives to invest in human capital and work environments that enable older workers to remain in the workforce. The article argues that the workforce environment of the coming half-century, which is relevant for persons born around 2000, is much different from that a hundred years earlier, which determined the opportunities for people born around 1900. People are healthier and live much longer and work environments are friendlier. The article argues that it is no longer justifiable to subsidize exit from the workforce around the age of 60 for healthy workers, especially in view of the coming labor shortage in Europe. It also argues that the introduction of the principles of the Swedish NDC pension reform in Europe would provide possibilities for flexible exit from the workforce and remove impediments to labor mobility in Europe, which are embedded in many of Europe's present pension arrangements.     

明清"收养孤老"律例与社会稳定

"收养孤老"律是明清社会救济立法的重要体现,既与社会经济发展、社会结构变化、地方政治治理形式转变有关,又与明清统治者的重视、立法监督体系的健全、社会救济机构的设置及管理有关。它不仅体现传统社会救济基本意图,而且在"仁政"理念的基础上,从法律上规范了"孤贫"救济。救助孤贫不仅仅是理念问题,需要一定资金的支持和制度的保障,必要时还应该整合社会资源,调动社会成员的积极性。传统政治体制则决定明清统治者不可能提供充足的资金,也不可能有完善的制度,不会去整合社会资源,更害怕社会成员的介入。因此"收养孤老"律例实施的实际效果,也是有限的。