中国西部土地退化防治成效及经验借鉴——以中国—全球环境基金干旱生态系统土地退化防治伙伴关系项目为例

介绍了中国—全球环境基金干旱生态系统土地退化防治伙伴关系项目概况,并基于56个样本县的调查统计数据,总结了伙伴关系项目下防治活动开展的情况和项目成功实施的相关经验,进而分析了荒漠化土地防治成效。研究表明,伙伴关系项目框架下一系列土地退化防治活动,促进了荒漠化土地防治、农牧民生计的改善、生物多样性保护,实现了应对气候变化的全球环境效益,取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益。     

杭州城市森林构建探讨

该文以杭州城市森林建设的必要性为出发点,提出了生态功能优先、追求景观自然协调、注重生物多样性、体现整体性和系统性、强调地方植被和人文特色等城市森林建设原则。在城市森林建设中应选择和应用好地带性乡土树种,模拟地带性植物群落特征,构建适宜的复层群落,恢复和重建城市湿地系统,增加城市生物多样性,发展具有文化内涵的杭州城市森林。     

The significance of meaning. Why IPBES needs the social sciences and humanities

The term “biodiversity” is often used to describe phenomena of nature, which can be studied without a reference to the socially constructed, evaluative, or indeed normative contexts. In our paper, we challenge this conception by focusing particularly on methodological aspects of biodiversity research. We thereby engage with the idea of interdisciplinary biodiversity research as a scientific approach directed at the recognition and management of contemporary society in its ecological embedding. By doing this, we explore how research on and assessments of biodiversity can be enhanced if meaning, aspiration, desires, and related aspects of agency are methodically taken into account. In six sections, we substantiate our claim that the discourse on biodiversity (including the IPBES (Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) debate) is incomplete without contributions from the social sciences and humanities. In the introduction, a brief overview of biodiversity’s conceptual history is provided showing that “biodiversity” is a lexical invention intended to create a strong political momentum. However, that does not impede its usability as a research concept. Section 2 examines the origins of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by way of sociological discourse analysis. Subsequently, it proposes a matrix as a means to structure the ambiguities and tensions inherent in the CBD. The matrix reemphasizes our main thesis regarding the need to bring social and ethical expertise to the biodiversity discourse. In Section 3, we offer a brief sketch of the different methods of the natural and social sciences as well as ethics. This lays the groundwork for our Section 4, which explains and illustrates what social sciences and ethics can contribute to biodiversity research. Section 5 turns from research to politics and argues that biodiversity governance necessitates deliberative discourses in which participation of lay people plays an important role. Section 6 provides our conclusions.     

Why are social sciences and humanities needed in the works of IPBES? A systematic review of the literature

Despite the increased attention, which has been given to the issue of involving knowledge and experts from the social sciences and humanities (SSH) into the products and works of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), little is known on what the expectations towards the involvement of SSH in IPBES actually are. The aim of this paper is to close this gap by identifying the range of possible SSH contributions to IPBES that are expected in the literature, and discuss the inherent challenges of and concrete ways to realize these contributions in the particular institutional setting of IPBES. We address these two points by: firstly, assessing the literature dealing with IPBES and building a typology describing the main ways in which contributions from SSH to IPBES have been conceived between 2006 and 2017. We discuss these expected contributions in light of broader debates on the role of SSH in nature conservation and analyse some of the blind spots and selectivities in the perception of how SSH could substantially contribute to the works of IPBES. Then, secondly, by looking at one particular example, economics and its use in the first thematic assessment on pollinators, pollination and food production, we will concretely illustrate how works in a given discipline could contribute in many different and unprecedented ways to the works of IPBES and help identify paths for enhancing the conservation of biodiversity. Finally, we propose a range of practical recommendations as to how to increase the contribution of SSH in the works of IPBES.     

Biodiversity action plans as a way towards local sustainable development

Local action for biodiversity is essential to ensure better conservation status for biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services. In many places the rich biodiversity is still relatively untouched and represents an outstanding asset for local sustainable development. The loss of biodiversity occurs mainly because of rapid changes in land use, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, acidification, eutrophication, desertification, overexploitation, intensification of agriculture, tourism development and climate change. There is a clear need for a more flexible, people-oriented and visionary approach for sustainable use of biodiversity resources. This article concerns “Local Biodiversity Action Plans”, which provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to biodiversity and ecosystem services for the sustainable development of rural municipalities and their local communities. Although biodiversity action planning is not a new concept, bringing a plan to life has significant societal benefits with innovative solutions to help biodiversity conservation while entailing close interaction of science, policy and society. This approach was developed together with project partners and local communities in selected regions of the Western Balkans and it benefits from a range of stakeholders, including social and natural scientists, practitioners, elected representatives of the local communities and end users in the frame of a participatory approach. The conclusion of this article discusses the role of communication and outlines the critical success factors and the challenges ahead for the future.     

森林生物多样性支付意愿影响因素及价值评估——以甘肃省迭部县为例

以甘肃省迭部县为例,综合运用Logistic回归和CVM两种方法,通过问卷调查的形式,分析宗教信仰、职业、年均家庭收入、对森林生物多样性了解程度等因素对森林生物多样性支付意愿的影响,并运用CVM方法估算迭部县森林生物多样性的年价值。结果表明：居民对森林生物多样性的保护存在一定的支付意愿;学生和个体工商业者以及无宗教信仰、年均收入较高、对森林生物多样性了解程度较高的居民总体上支付意愿更强;迭部县森林生物多样性的年评估价值在397296元／a～1732652元／a,平均支付意愿值为7．20元／a-31．40元／a。     

大工程视野下的高黎贡山开发与保护

分析了高黎贡山开发与保护困境，从形而上的层面论证了保护高黎贡山生物多样性的重要性，从形而下的层面提出了开发高黎贡山的基本原则，从工程伦理的视野提出了以大工程观为理论指导的保护理念与开发原则。     

战略环境评价中社会经济发展对生物多样性的影响评价

从战略环境影响评价角度,提出了社会经济发展对生物多样性影响评价指标体系建立的思路、原则、内容与层次结构,并应用层次分析法计算各层次对控制目标的权重。以＂滇中调水＂工程为例,选取了其影响区域内具有代表性的3个区域点,对社会经济发展变化对生物多样性的影响进行了实证研究。评价结果显示所建的生物多样性影响评价指标体系能反映规划项目区域的社会经济发展变动对区域内生物多样性的影响。     

完善西部地区生物多样性法律保护的思考

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础和根本。广袤的西部地区是我国生态环境整体稳定和平衡不可分割的区域,其生物多样性保护也是我国生物多样性保护的重要组成部分。在经济不断发展的今天,西部地区丰富的生物及森林资源面临着生物多样性减少、外来物种入侵等多重危机。尽管我国保护生物多样性的法律制度体系已经初步形成,但无论是国家立法还是地方立法都有诸多不足之处,缺乏针对性和系统性。在西部大开发不断深入进行地过程中,亟需建立健全保护生物多样性的法律,同时不断提高地方环保立法和执法水平,从各个层面完善对西部地区生物多样性的法律保护,实现西部地区的可持续发展。     

Re-parameterization of multinomial distributions and diversity indices

It is shown in this paper that the parameters of a multinomial distribution may be re-parameterized as a set of generalized Simpson's diversity indices. There are two important elements in the generalization: (1) Simpson's diversity index is extended to populations with infinite species; (2) weighting schemes are incorporated. A class of unbiased estimators for the generalized Simpson's biodiversity indices is proposed. Asymptotic normality is established for the estimators. Both the unbiasedness and the asymptotic normality of the estimators hold for all three cases of the number of species in the population: infinite, finite and known, and finite but unknown. In the case of a population with a finite number of species, known or unknown, it is also established that the proposed estimators are uniformly minimum variance unbiased and are asymptotically efficient.