自杀和生命的意义——来自脑科学研究的解读

生命本身是一个随机事件，并不具有高尚的意义。进化的结果使人类可通过工作、家庭和人际关系等给予自己的生命以意义感。当我们的生活方式使脑内奖赏系统获得刺激，就会带来生命具有意义的感受，这种感受给人带来更好的生存机会。生存的欲望是一切生物体最具特征的属性，一些精神疾病患者缺乏这种欲望。自杀主要发生于精神疾病患者，它并非是基于自由意志的行为。抗精神病治疗和适当的社会交往可以预防自杀。由于不同个体有着不同的大脑，人们的生活方式就应该去适应各自大脑的特征。只要人们的生活方式不对他人造成过多的伤害，政府就应该允许和保护人们自由地按照各自的方式生活。     

脑死亡立法的社会意义及面临的困难

长期以来,心肺功能完全丧失一直是判定死亡的标准。然而,随着现代医学的进步,这一标准已不再适应科学的发展和社会的需要,脑死亡标准应运而生。世界上已有许多国家接受了脑死亡标准,并制订了相应的法律条例。我国在这方面才刚刚起步,在此过程中必然会遇到一些困难。因此,脑死亡立法应当谨慎进行。     

试论企业中层危机的管理对策——以黄石企业为例

中层危机是目前企业经营过程中经常出现的问题，也是制约企业发展的瓶颈。本文在介绍企业中层危机的基础上，分析了其产生的原因，并针对黄石企业人力资源开发与管理的现状，就如何解决夤石企业中层危机提出对策和建设性建议。     

平角涡虫(Planocera reticulata)脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位

研究了平角涡虫（Ｐｌａｎｏｃｅｒａｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ）脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位．结果表明,胆碱酯酶阳性细胞分别分布于脑神经节的吻端腹侧面、前腹侧面、中央腹侧面和后背侧面的细胞层中,各阳性细胞在脑神经节中均为左右对称分布．前腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向背内侧延伸,经交叉后进入对侧纤维网中;中央腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向中线延伸形成联系;后背侧阳性细胞的突起向腹外侧延伸进入同侧纤维网中．神经节中央的神经纤维网中具有丰富的阳性纤维,前部反应较强,后端反应较弱．由脑神经节发出的各神经干均呈胆碱酯酶阳性反应．     

基于本体系统的知识管理人工智能研究

分析了知识管理中的信息组织难题和群体过程非结构化特性的本质意义. 介绍了用于解 决人工智能中非结构化问题的本体系统方法. 并通过支持群体交互知识管理的电子公共大脑 本体系统设计的案例,对本体系统方法的概念、构成和应用方法作了具有典型意义的示例性 介绍.     

How biology became social,and what it means for social theory

In this paper I first offer a systematic outline of a series of conceptual novelties in the life‐sciences that have favoured, over the last three decades, the emergence of a more social view of biology. I focus in particular on three areas of investigation: (1) technical changes in evolutionary literature that have provoked a rethinking of the possibility of altruism, morality and prosocial behaviours in evolution; (2) changes in neuroscience, from an understanding of the brain as an isolated data processor to the ultrasocial and multiply connected social brain of contemporary neuroscience; and (3) changes in molecular biology, from the view of the gene as an autonomous master of development to the ‘reactive genome’ of the new emerging field of molecular epigenetics. In the second section I reflect on the possible implications for the social sciences of this novel biosocial terrain and argue that the postgenomic language of extended epigenetic inheritance and blurring of the nature/nurture boundaries will be as provocative for neo‐Darwinism as it is for the social sciences as we have known them. Signs of a new biosocial language are emerging in several social‐science disciplines and this may represent an exciting theoretical novelty for twenty‐first social theory.     

Sex differences in the development of mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease as predicted by hippocampal volume or white matter hyperintensities

This study examined biological sex differences in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development as predicted by changes in the hippocampus or white matter hyperintensities. A secondary data analysis of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set was conducted. We selected samples of participants with normal cognition at baseline who progressed to MCI (n = 483) and those who progressed to probable AD (n = 211) to determine if hippocampal volume or white matter hyperintensities (WMH) at baseline predicted progression to probable AD or MCI and whether the rate of progression differed between men and women. The survival analyses indicated that changes in hippocampal volumes affected the progression to probable AD (HR = 0.535, 95% CI [0.300–0.953]) only among women. White men had an increased rate of progression to AD (HR = 4.396, CI [1.012–19.08]; HR = 4.665, 95% CI [1.072–20.29]) compared to men in other race and ethnic groups. Among women, increases in hippocampal volume ratio led to decreased rates of progressing to MCI (HR = 0.386, 95% CI [0.166–0.901]). Increased WMH among men led to faster progression to MCI (HR = 1.048. 95% CI [1.011–1.086]). Women and men who were older at baseline were more likely to progress to MCI. In addition, results from longitudinal analyses showed that women with a higher CDR global score, older age at baseline, or more disinhibition symptoms experienced higher odds of MCI development. Changes in hippocampal volumes affect the progression to or odds of probable AD (and MCI) more so among women than men, while changes in WMH affected the progression to MCI only among men.     

欠发达地区高校人才流失问题研究

受自然地理、经济社会、人才自身、尤其是政府制度及高校内部诸因素影响,当前,欠发达地区高校人才流失日益严重,极大地制约了当地高等教育和经济社会的发展。各级政府和当地高校应共同面对、联合解决这一问题。政府方面应通过加大对欠发达地区高校的投资力度;对欠发达地区高校实行人才政策扶持;改革高校人才评价体制,建立开放、灵活的人才评价和激励机制,为高校人才发展提供各种有利条件等措施推进制度改革,促进欠发达地区高校发展。高校自身方面应通过更新人才理念,改革管理体制,改善办学条件,突出办学特色等措施深化改革,为人才发展营造良好环境。     

人才竞争对高校的影响及对策

论述了入世后我国高等院校（以下简称高校）面临着人才竞争的挑战。指出当前人才流失是制约高校发展的瓶颈。并分析了在人才竞争中所处劣势的主要原因。为迎接挑战,加强师资队伍建设、吸引和稳定人才,提出了对策:（1）努力创造适宜人才发展的政策环境;（2）创新用人机制;（3）建立新型的多元分配制度;（4）加大力度重点做好中青年学科带头人和骨干教师的培训工作;（5）实施人才资源的共享;（6）加强爱国主义教育。（7）营造良好的吸引和稳定优秀人才的软环境。     

硫酸镁对创伤性脑损伤大鼠血清NSE含量的影响

目的探讨硫酸镁对创伤性脑损伤大鼠血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（neuron specific enolase,NSE）水平的影响。方法选用健康Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠,随机分为假损伤组、单纯脑损伤组、损伤给药组。然后制备自由落体脑损伤模型,损伤给药组大鼠在致伤后5分钟予25%硫酸镁（MgSO4）140mg/kg,腹腔注射,损伤24小时后分别测定脑组织含水量、放射免疫分析法测定大鼠血清NSE水平。结果与假损伤组比较,脑损伤24小时大鼠脑组织含水量明显增高（P〈0.01）,血清NSE水平升高（P〈0.05）。与单纯脑损伤组比较,损伤给药组可降低脑组织含水量（P〈0.05）,降低血清NSE水平（P〈0.05）。结论 MgSO4可以改善大鼠急性脑损伤后的脑水肿,降低血清NSE水平,改善创伤性脑损伤后继发性脑损害,具有神经保护作用。