论我国刑事诉讼中“非法证据”的界定标准

在刑事非法证据排除规则的具体运用中,"非法证据"的界定是当然前提。非法证据并非是任一证据合法性要件欠缺的广义非法证据,而专指取证主体通过严重非法的手段或者侵犯公民基本权利的方式所获取的证据材料。我国刑事非法证据包括非法言词证据和非法实物证据两类,两类非法证据在实际判断中虽存在差异,但都应围绕取证手段的非法性展开,分别考察取证手段是否违反法律规定以及违法的严重程度,以准确界定刑事非法证据的范围。     

Inference and Decision Making for 21st-Century Drug Development and Approval

ABSTRACT

The cost and time of pharmaceutical drug development continue to grow at rates that many say are unsustainable. These trends have enormous impact on what treatments get to patients, when they get them and how they are used. The statistical framework for supporting decisions in regulated clinical development of new medicines has followed a traditional path of frequentist methodology. Trials using hypothesis tests of “no treatment effect” are done routinely, and the p-value < 0.05 is often the determinant of what constitutes a “successful” trial. Many drugs fail in clinical development, adding to the cost of new medicines, and some evidence points blame at the deficiencies of the frequentist paradigm. An unknown number effective medicines may have been abandoned because trials were declared “unsuccessful” due to a p-value exceeding 0.05. Recently, the Bayesian paradigm has shown utility in the clinical drug development process for its probability-based inference. We argue for a Bayesian approach that employs data from other trials as a “prior” for Phase 3 trials so that synthesized evidence across trials can be utilized to compute probability statements that are valuable for understanding the magnitude of treatment effect. Such a Bayesian paradigm provides a promising framework for improving statistical inference and regulatory decision making.     

论电子证据的法律地位

随着科学技术的进步和计算机的广泛运用 ,电子证据在刑事诉讼活动和证明过程中占有日益显著的地位。作为对新生事物的关注 ,我国法学理论界对电子证据的法律地位、种类归属及证据力等问题的研究在近年内也缓慢起步。因此 ,当前有必要从电子证据的收集与提取、资格与归属、认证与证明力各环节出发 ,对电子证据进行更加深入的理论分析和探讨 ,从而作出新的立法构想与安排 ,以弥补旧有制度的缺陷 ,并适应社会进步和国际发展趋势。     

多校区图书馆的典藏工作

高校合并后,许多院校的图书馆都出现了多校区、多分馆的管理局面。笔者从新图书典藏、调拨、剔除几个方面简要论述了如何搞好多校区图书馆的典藏工作。     

Fast retraction of evidence in a probabilistic expert system

We present and justify a propagation algorithm to facilitate the simultaneous calculation, for every node in a probabilistic exper system of the distribution of the associated random quantity, conditional on all the evidence obtained about the remaining nodes.     

论庭前证据交换制度

证据交换制度作为民事诉讼的一项重要制度有其自身的发展历程,从而显示了其重要的意义,并得到了各国的重视。我国也建立了民事诉讼证据交换制度,但仍存在着很多缺陷,所以有必要对我国的民事诉讼证据交换制度进行完善。     

税收征管效率综合评价指标体系研究

税收征管效率是评价税务机关工作效果的主要指标,而评价指标体系的确定是科学评价税收征管效率的基础和重点。本文分析了税收征管效率的内涵及外延,通过实证建立了税收征管效率的综合评价指标体系。     

破产矿山企业档案收集中的问题与对策

本文试图通过对破产矿山企业档案收集工作中存在的难点症结及其成因进行分析与研究,进而探讨解决问题的对策,以提高企业档案收集工作的质量。     

自由心证的借鉴与吸收

大陆法系各国在刑事诉讼法中普遍采用的自由心证制度 ,多年来被误认为是法官可以随心所欲判案的资产阶级工具。今天 ,我们透过自由心证产生的社会背景 ,仔细探究它的现实价值的哲学基础 ,多方论证了自由心证决不是资产阶级所特有。作为文化遗产 ,它的科学性完全可以被社会主义国家所接受 ,并为之提供更加完善的证据判断标准。因此 ,我国的诉讼立法有必要借鉴自由心证。     

论消费者的知觉风险及营销对策

消费者产生知觉风险的原因众多。我们可根据消费者收集信息的不同程度和消费者收集信息的性质而采取不同的营销策略来减低消费者的知觉风险,加快消费者的购买决策。