The other Chinese: identity work and self-orientalization of Chinese host country nationals in multinational corporations

ABSTRACT

This paper draws on an in-depth case study of narrative identity work to explore heuristically the role of host country nationals in the reproduction of orientalist discourses in multinational corporations (MNCs). Based on this analysis, it presents an identity strategy termed the other Chinese. The other Chinese claims to be in-between the West, that is constructed as superior modern and rational, and China, that is constructed as backwards and chaotic. This in-betweenness allows the other Chinese to take the role of a mediator between locals and expatriates, and at the same time claim superiority towards normal Chinese. Thus, this identity construction is a creative act of hybridization and localization, but it is not subversive to existing power structures in the MNCs. However, as we show, the construction of the other Chinese is not inextricably bound to the field of the MNCs, but is based on a hybrid and creative entanglement of various sources such as class positions and public discourse in China, in which the MNCs only occupy an insignificant role. It is, therefore, to be understood as an aspect of identity construction in China relevant for MNC identity, rather than an aspect of the transnational field of the MNCs.     

国际刑法中公司的共谋行为

第二次世界大战后,公司在生产经营活动中违反国际刑法的行为屡禁不止。晚近,国际社会就应当对公司严重侵犯基本人权的行为追究相应的国际刑事责任这一问题基本达成共识。然而,鉴于国际刑法尚未承认公司的国际犯罪主体资格,通过对晚近国际刑法学界和实务界对相关问题的研究和实践活动分析可知,当前国际刑法对公司犯罪行为的惩治只能通过追究公司在侵犯人权行为中的共谋行为来实现。     

中国古代共同犯罪的发展历史

共同犯罪因其危害性极大而受到历代立法的关注.它经过萌芽阶段(原始社会末期-秦)、形成阶段(秦-三国)和发展阶段(两晋南北朝-隋),到唐代其理论发展趋于成熟,明、清时期逐步充实完善.     

试述共同犯罪中止的认定

当前对于共同犯罪案件如何认定犯罪中止 ,学术界和司法实践中是仁者见仁 ,智者见智。文章首先列举了学界的几种关于共同犯罪中止认定的观点 ,然后根据刑法原则和有关共同犯罪与犯罪中止的理论分析了各自的不足之处。作者主张 ,共同犯罪中止的认定 ,应以行为人自动停止犯罪并有效地阻止其他共犯利用其先前行为继续实施犯罪或防止危害结果的发生为标准。这种有效性认定标准不是将共同犯罪看成共犯行为的简单相加体现了共同犯罪内部各个共犯行为的相互利用、相互依赖的关系。     

The invention of religion: Aspects of the South African case

This paper examines the role played by popular culture in response to the effects of the unfolding social and political repression on the ordinary Zimbabwean after 2000. The arts is one sector where the Zimbabwean government fostered its repressive hegemony. An urban youth music genre called ‘urban grooves’ rose to prominence during the period under focus here and some of the artists colluded with the government in propagating an anti‐Western imperialism campaign. This paper evaluates the nature of the genre’s performance practices and its role in the government’s anti‐Western imperialism campaign. It also discusses the complexities associated with notions of complicity and resistance as urban grooves artists resisted both Western hegemony, as per the government’s campaign, and subverted the same government’s censorship of the urban youth’s and the general society’s imaginary and other freedoms.     

共犯异罪的立法研究--谈刑法中的独立从犯与独立教唆犯

共犯同罪,为传统共犯理论之基石.然在我国刑法当中,已出现了割断共犯间的联系,根据各共同犯罪人的实行、帮助、教唆行为分别定罪处罚的立法例.这一突破,有实践的需要,亦有立法的浮躁性带来的困惑.其中,独立教唆犯的规定有其合理之处,有的教唆行为应当也可以独立成罪,而独立从犯的设计则是不合理、不科学的,从犯与主犯在任何情况下都具有共犯关系,不应分离.     

论共犯对加重结果的刑事责任

我国刑法中的结果加重犯是基本犯罪的故意犯与加重结果的故意犯或基本犯罪的故意犯与加重结果的过失犯的复合形态。结合我国现行刑法的规定,只能肯定前者可以成立结果加重犯的共犯,而否定后者的结果加重犯之共犯的成立。对于二人以上共同故意实施某种具体犯罪,由于其中一人或数人的行为过失导致了较重的结果时,虽然不能成立结果加重犯的共犯,但对加重结果的发生具有过失的其他共犯人,也应当承担其刑事责任。     

我国共犯模式的合理选择——以区分制和单一制的价值评判为视角

以限缩正犯概念为基础建构的区分制是罪刑法定原则的体现,以扩张正犯概念为理论基础的单一制却更好地贯彻了规范主义的立场和责任原则、罪刑均衡原则。我国古代的共犯立法既缺乏罪刑法定的理念,也缺乏罪责刑个别化的理念,现有的共犯模式确立之时也没有基于维护构成要件定型性、贯彻罪刑法定的考量。从我国共犯的历史传统、共犯确立的立法进程考察,及从现行共犯模式的立法规范特征分析,主张我国共犯模式归属于区分制的观点没有法律上的依据,相反却具有单一制的某些特征。因为单一制可以兼顾罪刑法定和罪责均衡,而区分制为实现追求罪责均衡的努力不但带来理论体系内部的复杂和矛盾,而且已然偏离了罪刑法定,所以我国共犯模式应采用单一制。     

胁从犯体系定位之困惑与出路——一个中国问题的思索

胁从犯的立法虽受到"胁从不问"政策的强烈影响,但对其从宽处罚的法理根据可以运用期待可能性理论进行说明;主流通说将胁从犯的认定着眼于"被胁迫参加犯罪"与"所起的作用较小(小于从犯)",并据此将其视为独立的共犯人种类的观点存在逻辑障碍,需要进行深入检讨;在解释论上否定胁从犯是独立的共犯人种类的理论观点,虽避免了逻辑冲突,但结合立法规定仍会导致罪刑失衡的难题;在既有解释路径无法妥善解决胁从犯的体系定位与合理处罚的前提下,必须直面现行立法的缺陷,提出合理的立法建议。     

‘We Were All Involved’: The ‘Great Violence of 2008–2012’ on the El Paso–Ciudad Juárez Border

Abstract

This article discusses El Paso–Ciudad Juárez residents’ experiences of the ‘Great Violence of 2008–2012’ in the border region between the United States and Mexico. As a result of the Mexican government’s ‘war’ on organised crime, launched by President Felipe Calderón in 2016, the region saw a wave of violence that created mayhem, thousands of deaths, and a vast sense of insecurity among the border community. The physical sites border residents had access to – or were denied entrance to – had a fundamental significance for their everyday existence. By the same token, the refusal to succumb to spatial restrictions, or claiming space for oneself despite ongoing atrocities, served as an empowering way to deal with the threat of violence. Drawing on 54 interviews and 22 written testimonies, the article claims that the intersection of spatiality and agency is central in conceptualising experiences of security/insecurity caused by the violence. It argues that spatial strategising provided tools with which the various parties involved exercised their agency in imposing, coping with and countering violence. The discussion concludes by problematising the intersecting issues of agency, involvement and complicity as broader ethical and epistemological questions invoked by the study of violence.