临安市林业习惯法探析

明清以前封建政府推行的“列树表道”、“广植蚕桑”、保护“禅林”和“永业田”等政令,对保护临安森林资源发挥了积极作用,但“驰禁山泽”、砍伐缓坡丘陵地区的森林以种茶的作法则破坏了森林。天目山的僧侣护林制度使临安至今仍享有“大树华盖闻九州”的美誉。明清的禁碑显示临安地区林业中存在长期稳定的私人或团体对林木的私业权。民国时期的苗圃制度顺应了林木需求大大增长的要求。新中国成立以后,天目山地区的联防委员会与突击队制度有效地满足了防火护林的需要;30余种林业管理规章,在一定程度上标志着临安地区林业规章制度的成熟与完善。     

外语多媒体教学与传统教学方法的有机整合

传统教学与多媒体教学模式各有优点及缺点,将其统一起来,取长补短,才能更好地提高教学效果。本文以建构主义理论为指导,探索多媒体教学和传统教学的利与弊,并就如何实现外语教学的合理化提出了具体措施。     

任务型组织:政府改革的新组织取向

停留在机构改革上的政府改革已经走入困境。在未来,政府改革就其组织层面而言,必须有新的取向。任务型组织是当代政府改革的组织取向。它是与常规组织相对的一种能够适应现代社会迅速发展需求的组织形式。任务型组织由于具有很强的灵活性和自我调适性而在处理各种突发性事件中显示其优势,具有传统的以官僚制为基础的常规组织所无法比拟的优越性。新的组织取向要求政府在改革上必须有观念上的转变,把服务型政府作为自己的目标,动用全社会力量来共同应对变动不居的现代社会。     

Multimodal representational gestures in the transition to multi-word productions

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of representational gestures from a multimodal point of view in the transition from one-word to multi-word constructions. Twenty-one Spanish-speaking children were observed longitudinally at 18, 21, 24, and 30 months of age. We analyzed the production of deictic, symbolic, and conventional gestures and their coordination with different verbal elements. Moreover, we explored the relationship between gestural multimodal and unimodal productions and independent measures of language development. Results showed that gesture production remains stable in the period studied. Whereas deictic gestures are frequent and mostly multimodal from the beginning, conventional gestures are rare and mainly unimodal. Symbolic gestures are initially unimodal, but between 24 and 30 months of age, this pattern reverses, with more multimodal symbolic gestures than unimodal. In addition, the frequency of multimodal representational gestures at specific ages seems to be positively related to independent measures of vocabulary and morphosyntax development. By contrast, the production of unimodal representational gestures appears negatively related to these measures. Our results suggest that multimodal representational gestures could have a facilitating role in the process of learning to combine meanings for communicative goals.     

试论语用原则在听力教学中的应用

听力课教学是整个英语语言教学中不容忽视的重要环节。本文对在听力教学过程中语用原则的应用作了初步探讨,以求解决一些外语教学中长期存在的问题。全文以合作原则在听力教学中对会话含义的推导作用为中心,提示了人们在会话中都不同程度地遵守语用原则,因而掌握好语用原则有助于听力教学水平的提高。     

语用学对修辞研究的启示

语用学和修辞学是相互有密切联系但又相互不同的两个学科,各有自己的研究对象。在许多方面语用学得益于修辞学的进步,反过来,语用学的发展,特别是语用学理论的一些新发展,对丰富修辞学理论和实践又有一定的意义,有助于修辞研究取得更丰硕的成果。本文从介绍语用学开始,看看这门学科是否会对修辞学理论的丰富和发展起一点启示的作用。     

试论言语交际中语用级别性的把握

本文在对语用级别性存在于言语交际中的原因以及其对言 语交际产生的利弊进行分析的基础上,着重通过礼貌原则内部的级别性 和语用原则间的级别性两个方面探讨了在言语交际中把握语用级别性的 关键：以得体为要领,结合交际对象、内容、目的及背景适量、适中、适宜、 适用并适可而止地运用语用级别性来形成自己的交际技巧和谈吐风格。     

Generalized estimator of population mean by using conventional and non-conventional measures in the presence of measurement errors

In survey research, it is assumed that reported response by the individual is correct. However, given the issues of prestige bias, self-respect, respondent's reported data often produces estimated values which are highly deviated from the true values. This causes measurement error (ME) to be present in the sample estimates. In this article, the estimation of population mean in the presence of measurement error using information on a single auxiliary variable is studied. A generalized estimator of population mean is proposed. The class of estimators is obtained by using some conventional and non-conventional measures. Simulation and numerical study is also conducted to assess the performance of estimators in the presence and absence of measurement error.     

‘America’ in Indian Advertising: Change and Impact

The aims of this article are threefold: One, to focus on the advertising and marketing communications situating the presence of the USA in India. Two, to address three issues concerning the where, how, and impact dimensions of marking the US presence in Indian advertising. In that process an attempt will be made to integrate three aspects of advertising, namely: marketing, media, and linguistics. Three, to account for US corporate culture as it manifests itself in advertising. Central to our discussion are two product types: consumer products (e.g. Coke, Pepsi, Kellogg’s cereals, or Cadbury’s chocolates) and socially-sensitive, or ‘taboo’, products (e.g. condoms, alcohol, and breath fresheners).     

从违反合作原则看会话含义

格赖斯的会话合作学说总结了交际双方为顺利获得准确的会话含义而必须遵循的合作原则的四大准则。但在许多情况下 ,说话人出于某种原因或某种目的而违反合作原则。此时 ,听话人必须从字里行间捕捉说话人的真意 ,并推导出说话人意欲表达的隐含意义。文章从说话人、听话人双方的角度 ,剖析了在言语交际中如何使用合作原则的各条准则来推导和运用会话含义 ,指出会话合作学说对正确使用和理解语言十分重要。