Decision settings analysis – a tool for analysis and design of human activity systems

The paper describes a methodology to be used for analysis and design of human activity systems. The methodology is based on an analysis of the decision settings whereas most other decision analysis methodologies are analysing the process. The decision concept is analysed and discussed. A distinction between programmed and programmable as well as non-programmed and non-programmable decisions is proposed. A classification of different information types for decision making is presented. A methodology based on a systemic and systematic analysis of the information requirements of an organization is proposed. This methodology also indicates organizational discrepancies and information imbalances. The methodology focuses the settings of the decisions on all levels of organizations. The methodology can be regarded as a dynamic, learning system. The author proposes further research on the individuals decision making abilities.     

二元经济结构下的城乡居民收入消费水平的区域差异分析

我国的国民经济结构是一个典型的二元经济结构,东、中、西三大区域城乡差距依此递增,三大地带内部城乡差距呈现明显拉大趋势。这种现状产生的原因是多方面的,但农业和非农业部门劳动生产率水平的巨大差异和国家的农业投资政策是不容忽视的两个因素。推进二元经济结构演化,缩小城乡居民差距必须树立工农城乡协调发展的战略思想,加大对农业的投入,积极推进农村税费改革,加快城镇化步伐,实施农业产业化经营。     

Diagnostic checks for discrete data regression models using posterior predictive simulations

Model checking with discrete data regressions can be difficult because the usual methods such as residual plots have complicated reference distributions that depend on the parameters in the model. Posterior predictive checks have been proposed as a Bayesian way to average the results of goodness-of-fit tests in the presence of uncertainty in estimation of the parameters. We try this approach using a variety of discrepancy variables for generalized linear models fitted to a historical data set on behavioural learning. We then discuss the general applicability of our findings in the context of a recent applied example on which we have worked. We find that the following discrepancy variables work well, in the sense of being easy to interpret and sensitive to important model failures: structured displays of the entire data set, general discrepancy variables based on plots of binned or smoothed residuals versus predictors and specific discrepancy variables created on the basis of the particular concerns arising in an application. Plots of binned residuals are especially easy to use because their predictive distributions under the model are sufficiently simple that model checks can often be made implicitly. The following discrepancy variables did not work well: scatterplots of latent residuals defined from an underlying continuous model and quantile–quantile plots of these residuals.     

Ethical Issues in Continuing Care

No abstract available for this article.     

性别歧视话语与中西文化差异性

话语不仅是指所表达的词语和概念,还包括意识形态的实践。性别歧视话语作为偏离客观事实的观念和态度,是性别意识形态的一部分,与社会文化有着密切联系,是男女地位不平等的反映。女性受到的压迫是一种以男性为中心的话语压迫,它以经济、政治、法律、社会结构为标志,其深层次的原因是男性拥有话语权。性别歧视话语是在男权制文化语境中产生的,男性这一统治性群体规定着话语,创造着符号,包括女性的符号。所以,在这种语境和话语中的女性处于不利地位,被男性定义、规定和贬斥,成为男性的附庸。在不同的文化、历史、政治、经济及社会背景中,其实也都隐含着性别观念的不同意识,我们要在全球化语境下,结合广阔的社会文化背景,分析和研究不同文化语境中的性别话语呈现。只有对传统性别话语进行清理,才能重新建构基于两性平等基础之上的性别话语。     

实用写作与文学创作差异性简论

实用写作与文学创作都是利用文字来记录思维活动、创造精神产品的过程 ,虽有许多共性 ,但从根本上说 ,这是两种不同的写作系统 ,它们都具有相对独立性 ,有着各自的规律及要求。本文从主体、客体、载体、受体四个方面对二者的差异性作了系统阐述 ,以便能更好地掌握它们的规律 ,真正驾驭它们 ,使其发挥应有的社会效应     

关于我国居民收入差距扩大的思考

改革开放以来,我国经济持续高速稳定发展,国民经济和人民生活水平都获得很大提高。但是,居民收入差距也呈不断扩大的态势,某些方面甚至达到国际公认的警戒线。对我国居民收入差距,要坚持质的界定与量的分析相统一,这样我们就会得出现阶段我国并没有出现两极分化的结论。对收入差距扩大的原因必须全面地进行分析,并采取切实可行的措施使之逐步缩小。     

论信用证单据不符对买卖双方权利义务的影响

由于信用证结算方式的特点,在现今的国际贸易活动中,大部分结算都是通过信用证方式完成的。但是,由于我国信用证实践的起步较晚,国内理论界和实务界存在很多对信用证结算方式的误解。本文从分析最高人民法院1996年的一则案例入手,结合英美法对信用证的理论和判例实践,对信用证项下卖方因提供了不符合信用证规定的单据从而遭到开证行拒付后,买卖双方的权利义务关系作一分析和评述。     

从汉英思维方式的差异看旅游宣传资料的英译

思维是语言的内在表现形式,语言是思维的物质外壳。遣词造句的方式即表达方式是思维方式的反映。不同的民族具有相异的思维方式,从而导致了各民族语言表达方式的差异,这同样体现在汉英旅游宣传资料的表达中。为使国内旅游宣传资料的信息更好地为外国游客所理解,在翻译时就要按他们所属民族的思维方式进行信息的转换。     

论翻译实践中的“改写”策略

从古今翻译方法论出发,论证恰当的“改写”不论对于文学翻译,还是对于科技翻译,都具有切实可用的功能效果。不同的文本有不同的翻译标准,实践中须根据互文本间的文化差异程度,把握“改写”尺度,在“改写”的最佳平衡点上协调语言差异,实现跨语言交际目的、满足译语读者的期望。