电子档案管理探微

电子档案是信息技术不断发展的产物,将逐步成为档案管理的主要对象。在分析我国电子档案管理现状的基础上,文章着重探讨了保证电子档案的凭证性的技术措施和管理措施,同时讨论了如何科学、有效地提供电子档案利用。     

外国和中国香港反贪污贿赂的特殊证据规则

外国和中国香港反贪污贿赂通常适用三个特殊证据规则 :一是证据排除规则 ,主要有坦白保护规则和习惯排除规则两个方面 ,前者包括坦白免予起诉规则、坦白不得采证规则两项内容 ,后者包括合理排除规则、公务行为除外规则和完全排除规则三项内容。二是证据推定规则 ,其适用的前提是必须已证明一方行贿或受贿 ,并允许被告人反证 ,同时对案件性质、范围以及贿赂数额又有一定的限制。三是举证责任倒置规则 ,包括证明的主体、对象、要求和效力 4个方面     

An Integrated Risk Assessment Model of Township‐Scaled Land Subsidence Based on an Evidential Reasoning Algorithm and Fuzzy Set Theory

Land subsidence risk assessment (LSRA) is a multi‐attribute decision analysis (MADA) problem and is often characterized by both quantitative and qualitative attributes with various types of uncertainty. Therefore, the problem needs to be modeled and analyzed using methods that can handle uncertainty. In this article, we propose an integrated assessment model based on the evidential reasoning (ER) algorithm and fuzzy set theory. The assessment model is structured as a hierarchical framework that regards land subsidence risk as a composite of two key factors: hazard and vulnerability. These factors can be described by a set of basic indicators defined by assessment grades with attributes for transforming both numerical data and subjective judgments into a belief structure. The factor‐level attributes of hazard and vulnerability are combined using the ER algorithm, which is based on the information from a belief structure calculated by the Dempster‐Shafer (D‐S) theory, and a distributed fuzzy belief structure calculated by fuzzy set theory. The results from the combined algorithms yield distributed assessment grade matrices. The application of the model to the Xixi‐Chengnan area, China, illustrates its usefulness and validity for LSRA. The model utilizes a combination of all types of evidence, including all assessment information—quantitative or qualitative, complete or incomplete, and precise or imprecise—to provide assessment grades that define risk assessment on the basis of hazard and vulnerability. The results will enable risk managers to apply different risk prevention measures and mitigation planning based on the calculated risk states.     

Evidential inference for diffusion-type processes

This article analyses diffusion-type processes from a new point-of-view. Consider two statistical hypotheses on a diffusion process. We do not use a classical test to reject or accept one hypothesis using the Neyman–Pearson procedure and do not involve Bayesian approach. As an alternative, we propose using a likelihood paradigm to characterizing the statistical evidence in support of these hypotheses. The method is based on evidential inference introduced and described by Royall [Royall R. Statistical evidence: a likelihood paradigm. London: Chapman and Hall; 1997]. In this paper, we extend the theory of Royall to the case when data are observations from a diffusion-type process instead of iid observations. The empirical distribution of likelihood ratio is used to formulate the probability of strong, misleading and weak evidences. Since the strength of evidence can be affected by the sampling characteristics, we present a simulation study that demonstrates these effects. Also we try to control misleading evidence and reduce them by adjusting these characteristics. As an illustration, we apply the method to the Microsoft stock prices.     

《儿女英雄传》中的副词“都”及其语法化

《儿女英雄传》是《红楼梦》通向现代北京话的中途站,通过它可以了解汉语在19世纪中期的基本面貌。当时,副词“都”已具备表示范围和表示语气等用法,其语气副词用法中有一类兼表已然义。根据《儿女英雄传》中反映的语言事实和语法化的一般规律,副词“都”的语法化路径应该为“范围副词→语气副词→兼表已然义的语气副词”。     

协同副词“一齐”、“一同”的虚化历程

协同副词"一齐"、"一同"是现代汉语中两个同义副词,它们同"一起"、"一块(儿)"的使用也有交叉,但在共时平面上,它们的差异与竞争一直没有得到更好的解释。从历时平面的分析来看,"一齐"、"一同"是动词短语虚化而来的。"一齐"在唐宋时期具备了协同副词的成熟用法。动词短语"一同"的词汇化在南宋到元明时期得以完成。在历史的发展中,"一齐"、"一同"与"一起"、"一块(儿)"的使用出现了各自不同的语义倾向特征和此消彼长的竞争变化。     

时间副词“一面”探析

在线性序列“数词‘一’＋动词‘面’和“数词‘一’＋量词‘面’”的共同作用下，宋代产生了副词“一面”，相当于“径直、直接”；后来演变出时间副词，相当于“立即、马上”。由于两者与时间范畴都有关，语义上出现了交叉。随着“立即”、“马上”的出现，时间副词“一面”退出了历史舞台。     

《论》《孟》《老》《庄》的程度副词及其与明清的比较

四部经典已拥有程度副词的多数类别,尚无表示中度、适度和一定程度的词。明清语料与之基本相同。“四书”高程度组和低程度组的副词词次比达10∶1,明清语料低程度组大有发展,调整至约4∶1。递度组发展也很大。两种语料对比,明清组词项增长了66.7%,频率增长了32.1%,程度副词取得了长足的进展,这是汉语走向精细化的表现。推测程度副词的起源,表示高程度的早于表示低程度的,表递度的在这两组之后,表适度、中度的最后产生。“四书”程度副词大多是他词的业余使用,明清加强了专业化,但多数还是副词与他词的兼类词,特别是形、副兼类。     

论诉讼中的证据推理

诉讼中的证据推理是建构司法裁决三段论小前提的推理,它是事实裁判者在查明案件事实的过程中,为发现或确认证据以及基于证据确认案件事实所进行的推理活动,它包括关于证据的推理与运用证据的推理两个层面,其本质特征在于逻辑上的可废止性.论证模式与叙事模式构成了证据推理的基本模式,这两种模式在证据推理过程中具有不同的特点和作用.     

论我国刑事证据属性理论的重构--刑事证据“四性说”的提出与意义

传统三性说在刑事诉讼中理解和适用均存在困难,尤其是无法准确解释中国法语境中的瑕疵证据、情况说明等证据问题,这是需对传统三性说进行理论完善的主要原因。通过证据认定案件事实的过程,可以划分为证据过程与证明过程。表达证据过程的参数是证据能力和证据力,表达证明过程的参数是证明能力和证明力。按照四属性说,瑕疵证据在法律性质上属于证据力待定,不是证据能力待定或者可补正排除的非法证据;在案件实体法事实证明问题上,应当总体否定情况说明的证明效力,建立明确的证明能力禁止规则。四属性说比三性说更具有知识性和实用性,比两性说更加准确和适用,是一具有理论拓展价值和历史承继性质的证据属性理论。