日本反垄断法适用除外制度及启示

日本根据适用除外制度与反垄断法宗旨的关系不同将其划分为确定性适用除外和倒退性适用除外。确定性适用除外旨在保护中小企业参与竞争的能力以及维护知识产权领域的特定行为;确定性适用除外有利于竞争机制的维护,必将随着竞争政策的强化得以运用。倒退性适用除外则在市场经济尚未健全条件下保障了政府依靠产业政策培育相关产业、发展规模经济,但该适用除外与反垄断法维护竞争的宗旨相违背,必将随着市场机制的完善、竞争政策的强化逐渐被废止。日本适用除外制度运用的经验与教训,对我国如何通过适用除外制度协调竞争政策与产业政策的相互关系具有一定的借鉴意义。     

政府信息公开范围探讨

《政府信息公开条例》的颁行,没有终结反而引发了国内对政府信息公开范围更大的争议。条例在基本范围和不公开事项等问题规定上的疏漏,不仅给我国政府信息公开的推进带来了不利影响,而且给行政机关真正保护不应公开的公共利益制造了难题。我国政府信息公开的推进,除需要有坚定的决心、正确的观念和有力的监督措施外,也需要通过《政府信息公开条例修正案》填补立法上的疏漏。     

《侵权责任法》视野下的医疗损害责任免责事由解读

《侵权责任法》第60条规定了医方不承担责任的三种特殊法定免责事由,即患方过错、紧急医疗救治和医疗水平限制;医疗损害责任作为一种侵权责任,同样适用《侵权责任法》第三章规定的一般免责事由,包括患者故意、第三人过错、不可抗力等;但医方签订的事先免责条款无效.     

Reinforcing substantive religious inequality: a critical analysis of submissions to the Review of Freedom of Religion and Belief in Australia Inquiry

The parties contributing to the Freedom of Religion and Belief in Australia Inquiry had a strong interest in the role of religion in society. Those making submissions were parochial about the status and importance of their own faith, less positive about religious diversity, more likely to be culturally supremacist, and more likely to independently express anti‐Islamic sentiment than the general population. A large proportion of submissions (40 per cent) included the religio‐centric assertion that Australia is a Christian nation. Alternative voices – that Australia is a multi‐faith country or those that saw Australia as secular – were much less ‘present’ in the submissions. Most submissions argued for the retention of religious exemptions from anti‐discrimination laws and against anti‐religious‐vilification legislation that would protect religious minorities. Christian‐centric voices purposefully undermined movement towards more inclusive social policy and protection of rights. The Christian majority insisted that their position of dominance be affirmed in Australia. The failure of the inquiry to advocate for policy and legislative change to expand religious freedoms (especially to minorities) was a performance of professed ‘state neutrality’ that reproduced substantive inequality. The public submission process was an effective mechanism for reinforcing a privileged relation between the state and Christian organisations, and fails the tests of both fairness and more substantively equality.     

Work disability and migration in the early years of welfare reform

The inter- and intra-state migration of American families with work-disabled members is a neglected area of empirical study. Longitudinal migration and health status data from the 1996 Panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) are merged with state-level welfare policy indicators to investigate migration behavior under welfare reform’s emphasis on requiring work and encouraging reliance on social support networks. We use a nested discrete-choice event history model that incorporates the departure decision and interstate destination choice in a single model that tests the effects of state-level welfare policy and economic opportunity characteristics, with state fixed effects, plus family sociodemographic characteristics and social networks, as the basis for comparing migration of families with and without work disabilities. The results show that although families with disabilities and illnesses are less likely to migrate than other families generally, they are “pushed” to migrate if they live in states that do not exempt them from TANF activities requirements. Furthermore, in-migration is inhibited by stringent state welfare illness exemption rules and high state unemployment rates. Intrastate migration is more likely among families who received family and community social support, regardless of work-disability status.     

论网络音乐作品著作权侵权责任的免责事由

研究网络音乐作品著作权侵权责任的免责事由是重构网络环境下著作权人和公众之间利益平衡的关键。网络环境下著作权侵权责任免责事由与一般著作权侵权责任免责事由有较大差别,应适当缩小网络环境下的合理使用范围。中国目前尚没有默示许可存在的必要性,应适当运用安全港原则,在保护著作权人利益的同时促进互联网健康发展。     

从生产者角度探究农产品质量安全免责事由

立法明确规定农产品生产者不仅需承担各个环节的过错责任,还需承担严格责任。但从现实情况来看,位于生产链首端的农产品生产者对农产品质量的可控性程度与其责任程度比例失衡,同时《农产品质量安全法》中并未明确规定农产品生产者的免责事由。首先明晰相关概念,之后讨论了农产品生产者的地位和归责现状,继而分析了生产者所不能控制的影响农产品质量的因素。最后提出在从保护农产品生产者的角度建立农产品质量安全免责事由的立法建议及配套措施。