Conditional time-dependent nonparametric estimators with an application to healthcare production function

ABSTRACT

By using the probabilistic framework of production efficiency, the paper develops time-dependent conditional efficiency estimators performing a non-parametric frontier analysis. Specifically, by applying both full and quantile (robust) time-dependent conditional estimators, it models the dynamic effect of health expenditure on countries’ technological change and technological catch-up levels. The results from the application reveal that the effect of per capita health expenditure on countries’ technological change and technological catch-up is nonlinear and is subject to countries’ specific income levels.     

农村居民看病难、看病贵原因实证分析

利用扩展的线性支出系统模型(ELES),采用最小二乘法估计计算了我国农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格弹性。研究结果表明:农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格缺乏弹性。由于农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格缺乏弹性,加上我国目前医疗体制存在的以药养医和医疗机构的逐利行为以及医疗市场缺乏有效的监管等问题,导致农村居民看病难、看病贵。解决这个问题,需要国家增加对卫生领域的投入,降低农民看病时自费的比例,增强卫生市场的竞争性,适当使医疗卫生资源向农村地区倾斜,并逐渐把医疗机构办成非盈利机构。     

辩证地认识政府预算收支的平衡原则

政府预算收支原则 ,是政府组织预算收入 ,按排预算支出的指导思想。平衡原则是我国预算收支的支配性原则。本文辩证的分析了非均衡原则的缺陷 ,平衡原则对经济的调节功能及存在的局限性 ,从理念论述了政府预算平衡应选择的辩证方式     

延边地方财政对区域经济增长的影响

在延边地方财政支出结构中,生产性支出的比重相对低,这对区域经济增长会产生短期效果影响。利用区域经济增长与地方财政支出之间因果关系模型实证分析延边地区的结果,证实了这一结论。为了区域经济的稳定增长,延边地区应适当提高生产性支出的比重。     

民主与法治：财政支出监督中的问题与对策

财政支出的监督是宪法和法律规定的一项重要的法律制度，监督是财政得以正确实施的保护伞。文章分析了当前我国财政监督法律制度的缺失，提出相应的对策，阐明了财政支出监督的重要性和紧迫性。     

Testing Wagner's Law in India: A cointegration and causality analysis

The present study empirically analyzes the validity of Wagner's Law for Indian economy. With the use of annual time series data from 1970–71 to 2013–14, all the six versions of Wagner's Law have been analyzed to test the relationship between government expenditure and gross domestic product. Wagner's Law states that the economic growth is the causative factor of the growth of the public expenditure. The study applied the unit root test and cointegration test to find the long-run relationship between government expenditure and gross domestic product. The present study employed the various econometric techniques such as unit root test, cointegration, and causality analysis for empirical analysis. The empirical analysis under study inferred mixed results of Wagner's Law for Indian economy, where four versions, namely Peacock, Gupta, Guffman, and Musgrave, found valid for Indian economy. The study concluded that the Wagner's Law is valid for the Indian economy except the Pryor and Mann Versions of the Wagner's Law.     

Myths and realities about input subsidies in sub‐Saharan Africa

Using a recent public expenditure dataset, this article proposes a ‘reality check’ of the level and composition of input subsidies in nine African countries between 2006 and 2013. Results show that input subsidies (1) received close to 35% of agricultural‐specific expenditure on average and (2) cover a variety of interventions, including investments in capital, such as on‐farm irrigation, and in on‐farm services, such as inspection or training. Further, the figures show that input subsidies tended to become entrenched in agricultural budgets over time, leading to sub‐optimal execution rates, and were primarily funded by the national taxpayer, while donors invested more in public goods. Findings confirm that input subsidies crowded out other spending categories likely to be more supportive of long‐term agricultural development objectives. The article concludes that the political economy of input subsidies should be directed to making more concrete efforts to attain a better balance of public expenditure on agriculture. Furthermore, policy‐makers should aim to increase the efficiency and policy coherence of input subsidies, since merely abolishing them is likely to be unfeasible in the short term.     

公共卫生支出、健康结果与卫生投入政策——基于189个国家和地区的面板门槛分析（1995—2011年）

利用189个国家和地区1995—2011年的数据实证检验公共卫生支出规模对一个国家的健康结果（婴儿死亡率和出生时的平均期望寿命）的影响，结果表明，公共卫生支出占GDP的比重对婴儿死亡率和出生时的平均期望寿命的影响具有门槛效应，门槛值分别位于1.9%和6.62%。分段回归结果显示，公共卫生支出占GDP的比重低于1.9%时，公共卫生投入对出生时的平均期望寿命没有显著影响，对婴儿死亡率的影响较弱；超过1.9%后，公共卫生投入的规模效应开始体现，对健康结果指标的影响均显著增强；超过6.62%后，公共卫生投入对婴儿死亡率的影响不再显著，对出生时平均期望寿命的弹性系数不再变化，单位边际贡献不再增加。中国当前政府卫生投入规模仍然较低，需要继续增大公共资金投入、降低个人卫生支出比重。     

论高校经费支出绩效评价的工具理性

随着财政体制改革的不断深入,财政支出绩效评价制度的日趋完善,越来越多的高校经费支出被列为财政支出绩效评价对象,高校经费支出管理面临着新的挑战.据此,笔者结合近几年参与部分经费支出绩效自评和绩效财政评价的工作实践,阐述了经费支出绩效评价的工具理性,分析了经费支出绩效评价工作的问题,并提出了几点建议.     

政府支出、农村市场化与农村金融发展

分别以政府支出和农村市场化代表政府因素和市场因素,实证分析了政府因素和市场因素对农村金融发展的影响。研究发现：政府支出对农村金融发展的作用呈现非线性特征,政府支出与农村人均金融资产、农村人均贷款和农村金融风险存在“U”型关系,而与农村金融外流存在倒“U”型关系;农村市场化有助于提高农村人均金融资产和农村人均贷款水平,以及抑制农村金融外流,但是可能会加大农村金融风险。为提高农村金融发展水平,政策制定者应采取差异化的政府支出政策,加快推进农村市场化改革,同时,应着力提高农民收入水平,关注经济开放和汇率波动对农村金融发展的负向效应。