Transnational policy entrepreneurs and the cultivation of influence: individuals,organizations and their networks

ABSTRACT

The ‘policy entrepreneur’ concept arises from the Multiple Streams’ theory of agenda setting in Policy Studies. Through conceptual stretching’, the concept is extended to global policy dynamics. Unlike ‘advocacy networks’ and ‘norm entrepreneurs’, the discussion addresses the strategies of ‘insider’ or ‘near-governmental’ non-state actors. The analysis advances the policy entrepreneur concept in three directions. First, the discussion develops the transnational dimensions of this activity through a case study of International Crisis Group. Second, rather than focusing on charismatic individuals, the discussion emphasizes the importance of organizational resources and reputations for policy entrepreneurship and access into international policy communities. Organizations maintain momentum behind policy solutions and pressures for change over the long term when individuals retire or depart for other positions. Third, the discussion outlines four distinct entrepreneur strategies and techniques that both individuals and organizations cultivate and deploy to enhance their power and persuasion in global policy processes and politics.     

论数学教育中的数学观念体系

本文从培养数学观念的角度，就数学教育如何培养人们的科学思维方式和形成良好的思维习惯作一论述。     

On a Dualization of Graphical Gaussian Models: A Correction Note

Abstract.  We correct two proofs concerning Markov properties for graphs representing marginal independence relations.     

批判的视境：传媒作为世界（下）——西方传媒批判理论的四个世界

对于大众传媒作为世界的丰富内涵的阐释,则是传媒批判理论始终如一的目标。具体来说,最初是对于大众传媒作为文化世界的发现;继而,是对于大众传媒作为权力世界的发现;然后,是对于大众传媒作为文本世界的发现;最后,是对于大众传媒作为游戏世界的发现,它意味着文化世界、权力世界、文本世界的消解,也意味着全新的传媒世界的即将莅临。     

A Risk-Based Method for Modeling Traffic Fatalities

We describe a risk-based analytical framework for estimating traffic fatalities that combines the probability of a crash and the probability of fatality in the event of a crash. As an illustrative application, we use the methodology to explore the role of vehicle mix and vehicle prevalence on long-run fatality trends for a range of transportation growth scenarios that may be relevant to developing societies. We assume crash rates between different road users are proportional to their roadway use and estimate case fatality ratios (CFRs) for the different vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-pedestrian combinations. We find that in the absence of road safety interventions, the historical trend of initially rising and then falling fatalities observed in industrialized nations occurred only if motorization was through car ownership. In all other cases studied (scenarios dominated by scooter use, bus use, and mixed use), traffic fatalities rose monotonically. Fatalities per vehicle had a falling trend similar to that observed in historical data from industrialized nations. Regional adaptations of the model validated with local data can be used to evaluate the impacts of transportation planning and safety interventions, such as helmets, seat belts, and enforcement of traffic laws, on traffic fatalities.     

会计信息可靠性与相关性的产权博弈分析

从产权经济学角度对会计信息的产权属性进行分析,把会计信息的产权主体定位为所有的信息使用者,认为会计信息的产权主体与会计信息质量特征之间存在密切关系。不同产权主体之间为有利于自身的信息进行博弈,可靠性和相关性孰轻孰重取决于各方在博弈中的力量对比。最后,文章提出重构会计信息市场、实现可靠性和相关性协调发展的若干对策。     

Deconvolution with supersmooth distributions

Nonparametric deconvolution problems require one to recover an unknown density when the data are contaminated with errors. Optimal global rates of convergence are found under the weighted L_p-loss (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞). It appears that the optimal rates of convergence are extremely low for supersmooth error distributions. To resolve this difficulty, we examine how high the noise level can be for deconvolution to be feasible, and for the deconvolution estimate to be as good as the ordinary density estimate. It is shown that if the noise level is not too high, nonparametric Gaussian deconvolution can still be practical. Several simulation studies are also presented.     

批判与高扬——析席勒在宗教观上的矛盾及其原因

席勒的思想中,存在着对宗教的批判和赞扬的矛盾。席勒相信人的自由和美德及神的存在,世俗的宗教压抑人的自由,所以受到席勒的批判,而作为审美假象的游戏的宗教,对人性的和谐起着导向作用,因而受到席勒的赞美。在席勒看来,人性的和谐并不是审美教育的完成,真正自由的人必须具有道德修养,这需要借助于崇高。而代表人类神性的宗教,作为一种典型的崇高,实现了人类的自由、美德及神性的统一,对人类的精神起着提升作用,因而得到席勒的充分肯定。以人性的完善为准绳,席勒批判否定人性完善的世俗宗教,赞扬肯定人性完善的神性宗教,这就是他在宗教观上产生矛盾的原因。     

多功能开放型企业供需网成员企业合作关系的经济模型

多功能开放型企业供需网(SDN)合作伙伴关系的稳定性，将直接决定SDN创新管理理念的生命力和未来发展前景，传统企业间的一次性静态博弈和供应链(SC)盟员间的有限次重复博弈，都是低效的合作关系，因而其稳定性较差，无限次重复博弈以及由此而引发的触发策略，能够实现帕累托最优的纳什均衡，是SDN合作伙伴关系稳定发展的深层经济学原因，通过建立SDN成员企业合作关系的经济模型，论证了SDN的稳定性。     

监察博弈与国有企业改革

结合博弈论的有关知识和中国国有企业经营的实际情况,国有企业改革的重点不全在所有权改革上,政府还应创造良好的企业经营外部环境,从降低企业领导者工作的难度出发搞好国有企业改革。