沈从文创作心理三部曲

沈从文家世的衰落和在社会(主要是在北京)遭到的拒绝使他产生了自卑心理,在摆脱自卑的重负和与城市搏斗的过程中,他形成了“乡下人”的审美立场,构建了城乡异趣的文学世界,从而使自己获得了自尊,达到了生命中的“高峰体验”,进而达到超越自卑的境界,成了“自我实现的人”。在心理的迁移过程中,沈从文的创作呈现了三部曲:感伤/回忆—嘲讽/抒情—白描/写实。在此基础上,《边城》意蕴、《长河》残卷也有了新的阐释。     

英语发展之哲学思考和启示——兼论语言优劣观之错误

英语原是日耳曼语族的一个小语种,经历了“词形变化完整期”、“词形变化消减期”、“词形变化消失期”三个阶段,其发展饱受了多种磨难,最终却发展为当今公认的“全球性”语言。由此可见:语言无论大小、强弱,都没有优劣和贵贱之分。只要广泛吸收、融各家之长就能强大起来。这些值得我们汉语借鉴。     

Issues in applying recent CPMP ‘Points to Consider’ and FDA guidance documents with biostatistical implications

The International Conference on Harmonisation guideline ‘Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials’ was adopted by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) in March 1998, and consequently is operational in Europe. Since then more detailed guidance on selected topics has been issued by the CPMP in the form of ‘Points to Consider’ documents. The intent of these was to give guidance particularly to non‐statistical reviewers within regulatory authorities, although of course they also provide a good source of information for pharmaceutical industry statisticians. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration has recently issued a draft guideline on data monitoring committees. In November 2002 a one‐day discussion forum was held in London by Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI). The aim of the meeting was to discuss how statisticians were responding to some of the issues covered in these new guidelines, and to document consensus views where they existed. The forum was attended by industry, academic and regulatory statisticians. This paper outlines the questions raised, resulting discussions and consensus views reached. It is clear from the guidelines and discussions at the workshop that the statistical analysis strategy must be planned during the design phase of a clinical trial and carefully documented. Once the study is complete the analysis strategy should be thoughtfully executed and the findings reported. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大江健三郎的文学“返乡”原因初探

故乡是大江健三郎在几十年文学生涯中不断书写的对象.故乡是想象力的源泉,是自卑情结的宿命之地,是大江打开文学新局面的必然选择.     

Distribution of the two‐sample t‐test statistic following blinded sample size re‐estimation

We consider the blinded sample size re‐estimation based on the simple one‐sample variance estimator at an interim analysis. We characterize the exact distribution of the standard two‐sample t‐test statistic at the final analysis. We describe a simulation algorithm for the evaluation of the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis at given treatment effect. We compare the blinded sample size re‐estimation method with two unblinded methods with respect to the empirical type I error, the empirical power, and the empirical distribution of the standard deviation estimator and final sample size. We characterize the type I error inflation across the range of standardized non‐inferiority margin for non‐inferiority trials, and derive the adjusted significance level to ensure type I error control for given sample size of the internal pilot study. We show that the adjusted significance level increases as the sample size of the internal pilot study increases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对后发优势理论的反思--发展中国家现代化透视

发展中国家在其现代化的探索进程中，既要看到后发优势带来的希望，还要看到后发优势一救都会受到后发劣势的影响，更会受到随时空变化而出现的一些新的因素的制约。要提高对实现现代化的这一目标的难度的充分认识，避免坠入后发优势所设下的陷阱。     

Active‐controlled,non‐inferiority trials in oncology: arbitrary limits,infeasible sample sizes and uninformative data analysis. Is there another way?

In oncology, it may not always be possible to evaluate the efficacy of new medicines in placebo-controlled trials. Furthermore, while some newer, biologically targeted anti-cancer treatments may be expected to deliver therapeutic benefit in terms of better tolerability or improved symptom control, they may not always be expected to provide increased efficacy relative to existing therapies. This naturally leads to the use of active-control, non-inferiority trials to evaluate such treatments. In recent evaluations of anti-cancer treatments, the non-inferiority margin has often been defined in terms of demonstrating that at least 50% of the active control effect has been retained by the new drug using methods such as those described by Rothmann et al., Statistics in Medicine 2003; 22:239-264 and Wang and Hung Controlled Clinical Trials 2003; 24:147-155. However, this approach can lead to prohibitively large clinical trials and results in a tendency to dichotomize trial outcome as either 'success' or 'failure' and thus oversimplifies interpretation. With relatively modest modification, these methods can be used to define a stepwise approach to design and analysis. In the first design step, the trial is sized to show indirectly that the new drug would have beaten placebo; in the second analysis step, the probability that the new drug is superior to placebo is assessed and, if sufficiently high in the third and final step, the relative efficacy of the new drug to control is assessed on a continuum of effect retention via an 'effect retention likelihood plot'. This stepwise approach is likely to provide a more complete assessment of relative efficacy so that the value of new treatments can be better judged.     

运用归因理论提高地缘劣势院校非英语专业学生英语学习的积极性

本文运用归因理论,从培养学生英语学习的心理素质出发,激发其英语学习的动机,提高英语学习的积极性。     

一曲悲歌 一缕光明

《对面的女孩》中所叙写的日常生活体验本身并没有很高的认知价值和审美价值 ,但对人生刻骨的悲凉和体悟却深深地触动了现代人的灵魂。若从文化的层面解读 ,这部小说的主题已远远超过了其题材本身的意义 ,作者所要探讨的其实是当代乡下人在传统与现代、理想与现实的纠葛、冲突中的尴尬处境和凄凉心境     

贫困大学生自卑心理分析与调适

在我国现有经济条件下，贫困大学生是一个客观存在的特殊群体。由于经济贫困而造成的自卑心理，对大学生的心理成长和自身发展带来不良影响。本文阐述了贫困大学生自卑心理的特征表现及消极影响，通过分析贫困大学生自卑心理产生的各种原因，提出了改善自卑心理、消除自卑根源的建设性建议与策略。