借鉴美国西部开发教训谈我国西部生态环境制度建设

西部大开发中的生态环境对整个大开发战略有着深刻的影响,应借鉴美国西部开发的教训,树立新的资源观和发展观,制定出一系列关于西部地区生态环境重建的制度措施。     

论红学的边界性

《红楼梦》自诞生以来，被当成各种属性的文本，它在不同的学科领域被接受，而对于任何一个学科来说，《红楼梦》的阅读现象都呈现出一种边界性。这根源于文本《红楼梦》的边界性，它本身具有小说学、经学、朴学的因素。这种边界性正是红学的生机之所在。边界性不等于混乱与无充，从方法论看，红学具有两个世界；事实还原的世界和意义诠释的世界。     

Adaptive Management: A Paradigm for Remediation of Public Facilities Following a Terrorist Attack

Terrorist actions are aimed at maximizing harm (health, psychological, economical, and political) through the combined physical impacts of the act and fear. Immediate and effective response to a terrorist act is critical to limit human and environmental harm, effectively restore facility function, and maintain public confidence. Though there have been terrorist attacks in public facilities that we have learned from, overall our experiences in restoration of public facilities following a terrorist attack are limited. Restoration of public facilities following a release of a hazardous material is inherently far more complex than in industrial settings and has many unique technical, economic, social, and political challenges. For example, there may be a great need to quickly restore the facility to full operation and allow public access even though it was not designed for easy or rapid restoration, and critical information is needed for quantitative risk assessment and effective restoration must be anticipated to be incomplete and uncertain. Whereas present planning documents have substantial linearity in their organization, the “adaptive management” paradigm provides a constructive parallel paradigm for restoration of public facilities that anticipates and plans for uncertainty, inefficiencies, and stakeholder participation. Adaptive management grew out of the need to manage and restore natural resources in highly complex and changing environments with limited knowledge about causal relationships and responses to restoration actions. Similarities between natural resource management and restoration of a public facility after a terrorist attack suggest that integration of adaptive management principles explicitly into restoration processes will result in substantially enhanced and flexible responses necessary to meet the uncertainties of potential terrorist attacks.     

Ecocultural Attributes: Evaluating Ecological Degradation in Terms of Ecological Goods and Services Versus Subsistence and Tribal Values

It is becoming increasingly clear that scientists, managers, lawyers, public policymakers, and the public must decide how to value what is provided by, and is a consequence of, natural resources. While “Western” scientists have clear definitions for the goods and services that ecosystems provide, we contend that these categories do not encompass the full totality of the values provided by natural resources. Partly the confusion results from a limited view of natural resources derived from the need to monetize the value of ecosystems and their component parts. Partly it derives from the “Western” way of separating natural resources from cultural resources or values, and partly it derives from the false dichotomy of assuming that ecosystems are natural, and anything constructed by man is not natural. In this article, we explore the previous assumptions, and suggest that because cultural resources often derive from, and indeed require, intact and unspoiled natural ecosystems or settings, that these values are rightly part of natural resources. The distinction is not trivial because of the current emphasis on cleaning up chemically and radiologically contaminated sites, on restoration of damaged ecosystems, on natural resource damage assessments, and on long‐term stewardship goals. All of these processes depend upon defining natural resources appropriately. Several laws, regulations, and protocols depend upon natural resource trustees to protect natural resources on trust lands, which could lead to the circular definition that natural resources are those resources that the trustees feel they are responsible for. Where subsistence or tribal peoples are involved, the definition of natural resources should be broadened to include those ecocultural attributes that are dependent upon, and have incorporated, natural resources. For example, a traditional hunting and fishing ground is less valued by subsistence peoples if it is despoiled by contamination or physical ecosystem degradation; an Indian sacred ground is tarnished if the surrounding natural environment is degraded; a traditional homeland is less valued if the land itself is contaminated. Our argument is that intact natural resources are essential elements of many cultural resources, and this aspect requires and demands adequate consideration (and may therefore require compensation).     

论《刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》中的特别程序——再谈刑事和解制度

《刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》将刑事和解制度首次纳入特殊程序范围,这是我国刑事司法理念不断创新和提升的直接体现,具有重要的实践意义。为确保刑事和解制度能够切实运行而不空为一纸规定,有必要对该制度的存在基础予以明晰,同时进一步完善其运行机制,最终实现刑事和解程序化解当事人矛盾、弥补受害人损失、修复被破坏社会关系的根本目的。     

晚清的内忧外患与日本近代化

晚清遭受西方殖民主义的屡次侵略而渐次沉沦,内部又爆发大规模的农民起义,可谓内忧外患。这向尚处锁国状态的近邻日本频频发出强烈警报,使其获得改弦更张、积极面对列强来袭的启示,并断然走上开国、倒幕、维新的近代化之路。     

杜夫海纳的纯粹知觉意向性与现象学还原

杜夫海纳认为审美对象是纯粹知觉对象.从现象学的角度看,这是经现象学还原而达到的具有主客关系本源性的意识结构,本文称之为"纯粹知觉意向性".在现象学还原问题上,杜夫海纳受到了胡塞尔、海德格尔、梅洛-庞蒂的多重影响,而又有自己独到的发挥和创见,这主要表现为,他把还原看作是由纯粹知性意识(胡塞尔)、经知觉意识(梅洛-庞蒂)到纯粹知觉意识的回溯,即回到知觉主体与世界的根源处.这种回溯表现在意识活动方面,就是走向感性,并外化为对象,杜夫海纳称其为"异化";而表现在意向对象方面则是,在悬置外部世界的同时,审美对象从非现实转化为现实的"现象",即在呈现中被给予和被还原的感性的对象,杜夫海纳称其为"中立化".     

以人为本与执政主体意识的复归

“以人为本”作为科学发展观的核心,是我党在不断深化对社会发展规律认识的基础上提出来的,既符合坚持全心全意为人民服务的宗旨,同时又体现了立党为公、执政为民的本质要求;其更是一种全新的社会发展理念,表明我党对社会主义现代化建设的认识达到了一个新的高度,是全面建设小康社会、推进社会主义现代化建设的一个重要战略思想。从根本上讲,“以人为本”体现了我党执政主体意识的复归诉求：从单一低位到合目的的统合和复归;从对位到合位的统合和复归;从管统到民主自治的统合和复归。     

是封建复辟还是价值传承--基于“夏俊峰”案的“存留养亲”制度分析

“存留养亲”制度自北魏时期开始出现在封建法典之中,至清末修律时方得废除。在漫长的封建社会中,该制度中所蕴含的“孝”的观念及人文主义精神对维护封建统治和封建伦常起到重要作用。时至今日,“存留养亲”作为封建社会的一项制度已不能为我国刑法所适用,但该制度中蕴含的传统法律文化精神对我国“孝”文化的传承与发扬,对我国当前社会转型特殊时期出现的部分矛盾的缓解,对人伦道德的价值追溯均不无裨益。这也为我国刑法合理的借鉴或吸收“存留养亲”制度提供了基础。当然,刑法对“存留养亲”制度的吸收与借鉴也要考虑到我国现阶段的社会现实情况,对可适用“存留养亲”的死刑犯人也要制定相对完备的法律制度。     

黄土高原退化生态系统的恢复重建方略

综观黄土高原植被恢复重建历史，最为流行的观点当属“以古证今”和“以山证原”两种观点。而事实情况是，古代山地的植被分布，只能提供一些植物恢复重建可咨借鉴的旁证资料。对于黄土高原退化生态系统，其植被建设只能立足于现实生态环境条件，适地适树（草）适法，方能有效恢复和重建植被，以发挥其多方面的生态经济功能。植被恢复重建在不同类型区有不同模式，总体应由东南部的以乔灌为主，向西北部的以灌草为主逐步过渡。植被恢复重建目标应是建立与现实生态环境最为适应的人工植被类型。植被恢复、植被重建和植被保护3个方面相辅相成，是黄土高原地区植被建设不可分割的3条主要途径。