政府:一个公正社会不可或缺的角色——关于政府再分配职能正当性的思考

建立一个公正的社会是人类的理想。在实现这一理想的过程中,政府承担着重要的责任。一个优良的政府不仅是善治的政府,而且也必须是能够维系社会公正的政府。政府的再分配职能,不仅能够为公民身份具有实质意义创造各种条件,而且也能延缓或减少自然秩序中的不平等因素与偶然性因素对人类命运的影响,改善政治共同体公民之间的关系,建构合理的政治秩序;不仅有助于改善社会弱势群体的生活境遇,而且也有助于提升社会整体的生活质量,实现社会成员低成本地和谐共处。政府再分配职能的正当性,体现在它力图构建一个公正社会的良善意图与行动之中,它为公民有尊严地生活提供了可能性,也超越了市场形式正义与丛林法则,减少了政治不作为可能带来的改变社会结构的暴力行动。政府以实现社会公正为目的的再分配行为,决不像新古典自由主义者所主张的那样必然使人类通往奴役之路,恰恰相反,它是迈向和谐社会的重要保证。     

夫妻忠诚协议的价值判断与效力分析

当前,随着我国社会经济的发展,人们传统的婚姻价值观观念发生明显变化。一方面是持续走高的离婚率,另一方面是不断增多的夫妻忠诚协议。面对这样一份协议,有的法院判之无效,有的法院判之有效,意见相左,令人困惑。加之最高人民法院在制定《关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释(三)》过程中对夫妻忠诚协议所持态度的转变,引发广泛争论。从价值层面来看,夫妻忠诚协议不仅能促进履行婚姻忠实义务、维护婚姻安全,对婚姻有增益作用,也未对婚姻自由造成干涉,且又能满足人性的需要,具有正当性;从法律效力来看,由于我国《婚姻法》并未禁止对除重婚、同居外的不忠事项进行意思自治,推定不出夫妻忠诚之事项须由"法定",故在具有正当性之基础上,夫妻忠诚协议可以对不忠事项及其具体的法律后果进行约定,其性质属于从订立起便生效的广义契约。对侵害无过错方之婚姻预期利益约定赔偿方式及数额是其必要约束手段,而非本来目的,故法律应该对其予以规制。     

知觉辩护与弱基础主义

基础主义与融贯论关于知觉辩护的争论,使得"弱基础主义"存在可能。根据"弱基础主义",知觉信念享有一定程度的直接辩护,同时这些得到部分辩护的知觉信念可以获得相互的辩护支持,从而成为合理可接受的信念。"弱基础主义"不同于基础主义和融贯论关于知觉辩护的说明,并且能在一定程度上解决基础主义和融贯论各自面临的难题。     

转基因食品人体实验的伦理辩护

转基因食品还处在发展的初期,有许多不确定性因素,它可能对人体健康有潜在危害,有必要在转基因食品进入市场前进行人体试验。那么,转基因食品人体实验能够得到伦理辩护吗?本文通过正反观点的论证与分析认为,转基因食品的人体实验是对公众的身体健康负责的必然要求,可以得到伦理辩护。     

试论著作权限制之正当性

著作权限制的正当性可以从法律经济学、利益平衡、著作权限制的有限保护与增进民主文化原则、社会学等层面加以分析。这些分析涉及到公平与效益价值、著作权法的公共利益目标、作品创作的社会性与继承性、独创性与公有领域等方面。通过剖析著作权限制的正当性,有利于深刻认识著作权法的价值构造和立法宗旨。     

Unemployed by choice: young creative people and the balancing of responsibilities through strategic self-management

The Danish welfare system inadvertently provides a good opportunity for young creative people to pursue their dreams in creative fields such as art, acting, music while being on unemployment benefits. As Michael, one of the participants, puts it: ‘I consider unemployment benefit entrepreneurial support’. The subversive practice is illegal. This qualitative study investigates how young unemployed people who choose to be unemployed in order to engage in innovative projects in creative fields understand and justify their practice. Analysis of in-depth interviews with six young unemployed persons shows how the understanding and management of responsibility is pivotal in the self-understanding and legitimization of receiving unemployment benefits by choice, not out of need. This creative group reflects the contours of a new type of unemployed that has received very little attention in the research literature. The group challenges the traditional representation of the unemployed and portrays themselves as innovative, competent and able to cope with financial insecurity even though it is psychologically distressing and a risky path to go down. We characterize them as strategic self-managing as they use educational systems and unemployment benefit systems for something entirely different from what they are intended – they use it to create their own artistic life courses. This study tentatively points to a categorization distinguishing between personal, social and societal responsibility by which we can improve our understanding of responsibility in neoliberal contexts.     

The problem of justification in social work

Abstract

In this paper we argue that the real test of professional social work practice is whether it can be plausibly, effectively and defensibly justified. Since the early 1950s social work in Australia has engaged in a strategy of professionalisation. This strategy and its implications were described by McDonald and Jones in 2000. This paper supports the concerns expressed. We argue that the way out of our profession's dilemma is by focusing on the problem of justification. The main questions addressed by McDonald and Jones appear to be: What is professional social work practice? Does the concept of professionalism serve us and our clients well now? What form should social work take in the future? Their answer is ‘that the “strategy of professionalisation”, as conventionally conceived by Australian social work, is no longer viable in the emerging milieu.’ We build on that answer by exploring the notion of justification in terms of the concepts Foundationalism, Coherentism and Reliabilism. We conclude by suggesting that the immediate task for social work in this new century is to solve the problem of justification.     

刘维尔的开脱

1846年,刘维尔在自己主办的杂志“纯粹与应用数学杂志”首次出版了伽罗瓦的数学研究,这对于伽罗瓦理论的传播与发展是具有决定意义的事件。在刊载伽罗瓦数学研究前,刘维尔首先作了一个序言。这个序言经常被人们论及,一般的观点是这个序言在为那些在伽罗瓦生前从未认可伽罗瓦的数学家开脱。而事实上,刘维尔并不是在开脱。     

论邦久的确证的内在主义

重建知识论是邦久哲学的终极命意,而如何理解确证的本质是重建知识论的关键所在。邦久的确证理论经历了前期和后期截然不同的重大变化,在批判基础主义与外在主义的基础上,前期的邦久形成了有着重大影响的内在主义的一致主义,但由于内在主义的一致主义逐渐显露出严重的理论困难,邦久最终放弃了这一理论,重新回到了内在主义的基础主义之路上来。     

道德合理性证明意味着什么?

道德合理性证明问题是当代西方伦理学关注的一个中心问题。这个问题关涉理性与合理性的区分,反映出西方理性观的变化。基础主义证明方法在道德合理性证明问题上已经缺乏说服力。在当代西方伦理学中,道德合理性证明的两种主要方法是叙事和道德论证。叙事和道德论证之间的紧张关系制约着当代西方伦理学的可能发展方向。