Total Economic Consequences of an Influenza Outbreak in the United States

Pandemic influenza represents a serious threat not only to the population of the United States, but also to its economy. In this study, we analyze the total economic consequences of potential influenza outbreaks in the United States for four cases based on the distinctions between disease severity and the presence/absence of vaccinations. The analysis is based on data and parameters on influenza obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and the general literature. A state‐of‐the‐art economic impact modeling approach, computable general equilibrium, is applied to analyze a wide range of potential impacts stemming from the outbreaks. This study examines the economic impacts from changes in medical expenditures and workforce participation, and also takes into consideration different types of avoidance behavior and resilience actions not previously fully studied. Our results indicate that, in the absence of avoidance and resilience effects, a pandemic influenza outbreak could result in a loss in U.S. GDP of $25.4 billion, but that vaccination could reduce the losses to $19.9 billion. When behavioral and resilience factors are taken into account, a pandemic influenza outbreak could result in GDP losses of $45.3 billion without vaccination and $34.4 billion with vaccination. These results indicate the importance of including a broader set of causal factors to achieve more accurate estimates of the total economic impacts of not just pandemic influenza but biothreats in general. The results also highlight a number of actionable items that government policymakers and public health officials can use to help reduce potential economic losses from the outbreaks.     

基于混频数据模型的宏观经济对股票市场波动的长期动态影响研究

股票价格时间序列与宏观经济变量时间序列原始数据的不同频直接导致传统计量模型在处理宏观经济波动与股票市场波动的关系问题中产生模型误设和估计偏误。本文运用混频自回归条件异方差模型从水平值和波动率两个维度实证分析生产者价格指数、居民消费价格指数、宏观经济景气指数及同业拆借利率四个宏观经济变量对股票市场波动的长期动态影响。同时,运用主成分分析提取宏观经济第一主成分并构建一个宏观经济综合指数,进一步探究宏观经济总体状况对股票市场波动的长期影响。研究发现：股票市场已实现波动率显著地放大了股票市场的长期波动。生产者价格指数、居民消费价格指数、宏观经济景气指数的水平值和波动率均对股票市场长期波动产生显著影响;且其波动率维度呈现出较强的持续效应;同业拆借利率仅在水平值维度对股票市场波动长期成分产生微弱影响。宏观经济第一主成分和宏观综合指数的波动率对股票市场波动长期成分均具有显著的正向放大作用,但持续效应较弱;而其水平值对股票市场波动长期成分的影响虽然微弱,但持续时间较长。     

财政调控的价值定位、方式创新及法治化路径

近期财政部出台的法治财政建设实施方案将宏观调控的创新方式借用于财政领域,提出财政面向上的区间调控、定向调控、相机调控、精准调控和适时预调微调等,体现出财政的工具主义价值。从形式上来看,这与当下公共财政时代所要求的规范主义价值,存在着阶段性目标追求的二律背反,但基于财政有效治理的国家任务,两者又统一于良法善治的终极价值属性之中。对于仍深受财政工具主义思维禁锢的当下中国而言,更应提倡的是财政的规范主义价值,防止偏重调控结果有效而轻视调控过程正义,从遵循调控法定、尊重市场规则和坚持民生导向的路径出发,以期实现在调控权力控制下的国家全面可持续性发展。     

宏观经济变量与股价指数的协整关系分析

文章主要运用协整方法研究中国股价指数与国内生产总值、利率和货币供应量等宏观经济变量的长期均衡关系,建立多因素的长期均衡模型,同时分析它们之间存在的因果关系,检验结果表明股价波动与经济增长相背离、股票市场阻碍了货币政策的传导效率。对检验结果出现的原因作了详尽的分析,提出了相关的政策建议。      

各主要学派有关国债的宏观经济效应比较

本文论述了国际上三个主要学派--李嘉图等价、新古典、凯恩斯学派关于国债宏观经济效应的观点,而后对各学派的主要假设、宏观经济效应(主要从投资、消费、国际收支角度)加以比较。最后,在对比分析的基础上,提出自己的基本假设和相应观点,并对如何积极发挥国债的宏观经济效应提出了建议。     

国际金融危机与中国模式的突围

对美国和中国的经济形势作了基本判断和分析。关联储和美国政府试图通过资产价格的再膨胀拉动经济增长,帮助银行免予倒闭,但是,这一轮资产价格膨胀对实体经济和老百姓没有产生相应效果。美国的经济刺激只是救一个体系,但不能救全国。欧洲的失业率在金融海啸之后,走上一个陡峭的爬升过程,与美国的失业率几乎在同样的过程之中,这导致欧洲与美国短期内的消费难以提升。预计美国经济下一波增长的牛市会出现在2024年,而这之间会是一个消费冰河期。美国经济现在不是真正好转,而是处在比较紧急的依靠呼吸机维持运转的状态。指出探讨中国模式必须探讨那些看似正常、看似习以为常的经济学理论中的最核心的概念到底合理不合理。认为世界主权货币的来临不可避免,问题是由谁来主导这个过程,是由别人主导,还是由中国来主导。提出中国模式3．0的论点,试图找出一种符合中国经济发展的模式。认为中国的发展还有15年的战略机遇期,就是从现在到2024年。     

Financial Intermediation Modernization in Countries with Transition Economy

During the modern phase of economic reforms directed at the establishment of market economy, many countries with transition economies face the challenge of solving the issue of formation and rational usage of internal sources of financing the real sector of the economy, as well as attracting considerable volume of direct foreign investment. In general, financial market imperfections hold back innovation and growth, and that public policy can complement financial markets. Therefore, the most relevant issue at the present time is the formation of attendant and complex supervision institutions, as well as an exigency of innovative economy governance as mainframe principles for further banking system elaboration and financial sector development in general. We have taken Armenia as a case study for transition economy as far as Armenia is currently in the stage of capital market development through integration into international financial markets.      

FDI’s Impact on Transitional Countries, Serbia as a Rational Choice: The FIAT-ZASTAVA Case

The privatization process and foreign direct investments (FDI) are among the most important economic issues in transitional countries. FDI has enormous influence on transitional countries that need serious structural changes. In this paper we will study FIAT’s decision to invest in the Serbian automotive industry. We will try to rationalize FIAT’s decision because Serbian car manufacturer ZASTAVA was not the only alternative for FIAT to invest in the Balkans. In order to justify FIAT’s decision we will apply the Mullins model of horizontal and vertical FDI, examine the importance of the cooperating history between two car manufacturers and compare macroeconomic conditions and Global Competitiveness of Serbia and Romania, which was the main alternative for FIAT. Finally, we will also try to explain why FIAT decided to announce the investment at the end of political campaign in Serbia when pools gave anti-European parties higher chances for victory, instead of waiting to see the outcome of the elections.

黑龙江传统产业技术改造及对策

传统产业技术改造首先要练好"内功",一是根据省情及增长潜力和带动效应,重新审定主导产业及发展顺序,优先发展食品工业;二是加快国有企业改组改制是技术改造的先决条件,否则,体制和机制的疏漏难以遏制投入效益的流失;三是寻求并扩大与跨国公司的合资合作,实现跨越式发展;四是加大政府宏观调控力度,引导并推动跨行业、跨地区和跨所有制的资产重组,这是传统产业技术改造成败的关键。     

中国企业部门信用风险溢价期限结构与宏观经济因子

近年来，中国企业部门债务风险不断暴露，其是否会引发系统性信用危机正成为焦点。本文着眼于中国企业部门信用风险累积与暴露背后的宏观经济现实，在简约模型中引入结构向量自回归模型（SVAR），将经济冲击区分为总供给冲击、总需求冲击和货币政策冲击，以此研究各宏观经济因子对中国企业部门信用风险溢价期限结构的影响特征，从而揭示中国企业部门信用风险定价的宏观经济机理。本文发现，正向的总供给冲击和货币政策冲击有助于降低中国企业部门信用风险溢价，但正向的总需求冲击则会推高中国企业部门信用风险溢价，自2011年以来持续处于高位水平的信用风险溢价的主要根源正是4万亿经济刺激计划所带来的扩张性总需求，因此欲从根本上降低中国企业部门信用风险水平，应紧缩社会总需求，并通过制度改革和结构调整，改善社会总供给。