邮政储蓄银行小额信贷之路初探

邮政储蓄银行已正式挂牌,在社区银行定位的同时被委以服务于农村的重任。组建邮政储蓄银行,实施邮政储弩金融业务的专业化经营不仅符合国际邮政储蓄金融制度变革的潮流,而且对推动我国金融体制改革的深化,进一步完善我国金融市场的建设具有十分积极的意义。本文对邮政储蓄银行成立后开展小额信贷业务的可行性、必要性及经营战略进行了一些探索,以期对新成立的邮政储蓄银行有所借鉴。     

社会企业视角下的小额信贷可持续发展研究——以宁夏盐池小额信贷转型实践为例

宁夏盐池小额信贷是全国第一家获准转型为小额信贷公司的公益性小额信贷机构。转型后,盐池小额信贷非但没有偏离其扶贫目标,反而由于服务能力的提高而使扶贫目标在更大范围和更深层次上得到实现。文章在实地调研的基础上,从社会企业的视角出发,对盐池小额信贷的经验及具体做法进行了深入的研究和总结,以期对其他同类小额信贷机构平衡双重目标约束,保证小额信贷的可持续发展提供有益的借鉴和启示。     

民族地区“多层级协同治理”的结构特征与内在逻辑——以广西壮族自治区L县扶贫小额信贷实施为例

扶贫小额信贷是一种有效的扶贫到户形式,能缓解贫困人口资金匮乏的困境,激发他们的内生发展动力。以广西壮族自治区L县扶贫小额信贷实施为个案,通过深度访谈和非参与观察发现：在纵向上,L县将扶贫小额信贷目标分解,然后通过科层组织体系逐级下压给各乡镇政府和行政村,实行科层治理;在横向上,通过建立贷款贴息、风险补偿和利益联结等机制,L县政府、各乡镇政府和行政村又将农信机构、龙头企业、帮扶联系人和建档立卡贫困户等利益相关方等纳入治理主体的范畴,分别在县、乡镇和行政村这三个层面上开展协同治理。纵向科层治理与横向层面上的协同治理交叉,形成了一种“多层级协同治理”的模式,实现了“上下联动、左右协同”的治理效果。“多层级协同治理”既契合了中国单一制国家的结构逻辑,又契合了基层政府工具理性的逻辑,对推进乡村振兴和中国式现代化具有重要意义。     

The Development of Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Widowed and Abandoned Women Through Microcredit Self-Help Groups: The Case of Rural South India

ABSTRACT

Widowed or abandoned women are among the poorest and marginalized people in Indian society. In an effort to empower these women to achieve a sustainable livelihood and overcome discrimination related to marital status and caste, a local nongovernmental organization, Kalangarai, organized widows and abandoned women into microcredit self-help groups (SHGs) along the Southeast coast of India. This mixed-methods study examines the effects of microcredit SHG training and facilitation on the perceived self-efficacy of widowed or abandoned women in the groups (N = 64). Data were collected on SHG training, facilitation, self-efficacy, well-being, and caste discrimination. Regression results indicate that participation in SHG trainings and having more intensive staff facilitation significantly impacted the women's perception of self-efficacy. These findings suggest that the microcredit SHG structure can be utilized to spark a transformative process for women to collectively gain power and political voice. Further implications for advocacy, scholarship, and program design are discussed.     

宏观经济环境视角下我国小额贷款公司可持续发展研究

小额贷款公司在我国已经走过了5年多的历程,对改善宏观经济环境产生了重要的影响。但是当前宏观经济环境也使小额贷款公司面临一些紧迫问题,这些问题又制约了其持续发展。总结并参考国际小额信贷的成功经验,我们认为,要促进小额贷款公司的可持续发展,国家应该适当尝试商业化运营,拓宽小额贷款公司的资金来源;鼓励自由竞争、加强政策优惠,增强小额贷款公司赢利性;完善法律法规、加强监督指导,引导小额贷款公司健康发展。     

我国农村小额信贷的可持续性研究

本文依据小额信贷及其可持续性的定义,提出了小额信贷可持续性发展要求,并据此分析出我国农村目前小额信贷可持续性发展面临的制度障碍,最后就其可持续发展提出了政策建议。     

Household welfare and women empowerment through microcredit financing: Evidence from Malaysia microcredit

Microcredit financing is considered a crucial vehicle to flourish the socioeconomic conditions of women and women empowerment, especially among those who are from low-income households and deprived of access to financial services. Nevertheless, the literature arrived with a conflicting conclusion about its effect and women demonstrate that microcredit has small or no effect. This study is intended to scrutinize the impact of a productive loan provided by Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) on women household welfare and empowerment. A cross-sectional survey was employed through the distribution of a questionnaire to 495 of old and new borrowers. We observe that microcredit has significant positive effects on borrowers’ household income and personal asset acquisition. However, even though the effect of microcredit empowers women borrowers in households’ decisions-making, it has no effect on women control over minor financials.     

Kiva's Flat,Flat World: Ten Years of Microcredit in Cyberspace

While microcredit has been widely praised as a new, powerful tool for enabling development and empowering the poor, this form of ‘development from below’ does not exist in a vacuum. Rather, microcredit programs are inseperable from a host of neoliberal political, cultural, and economic practices and projects. These contexts are, however, systematically missing from Kiva.org, the largest and most popular peer-to-peer microlending portal. Instead, Kiva.org presents a placeless perspective on development and poverty, where borrowers’ skin color, native dress, and picturesque backgrounds seem to vary, but the ‘fix’ of microcredit remains universal. This ‘flat’ approach is problematic for two reasons. First, Kiva.org naturalizes the financialization of poor people's disadvantage in the coercive form of debt. Second, lenders are encouraged to channel their desire to help alleviate poverty through Kiva.org's lending portal based on an illusory sense of connection, transparency and beneficence in lending, thus potentially displacing other forms of less problematic development aid and intervention.     

小额信贷:目标客户与操作方式细化探究

由于农村金融的特性所限,本意在于扶贫,但要求归还,以便循环运用的小额信贷模式早在20世纪70年代就十分盛行,并且在为各国弱势群体提供金融服务方面取得了显著效果。但同时,小额信贷的持续性发展也面临着越来越多的问题。文章通过对目前我国小额信贷市场存在问题的分析,提出了目标客户细化、操作方式细化的对策建议,以达到促进小额信贷市场健康发展的目的。     

小额贷款公司实现农村金融可持续供给的思考

小额贷款公司自2005年试点以来迅速发展,在推动农村金融改革与创新、遏制民间非法借贷、增加农村金融供给缓解农民和农村中小企业贷款难等方面发挥了十分重要的积极作用,同时面临资金不足、税负过重、监管不规范和偏离初衷等影响可持续发展的瓶颈问题。需要立法规范并确认小额贷款公司的身份及地位,创造公司发展的良好的法律环境;政府加大对小额贷款公司在金融维权、税收优惠等方面的政策扶持力度,营造优良的金融市场环境,同时加强日常监管,防范公司运营风险,确保实现经济效益和社会效益双赢;小额贷款公司应增强融资能力,通过相互资金拆借、吸收转贷款、批发贷款以及开设吸储业务等多种方式开辟新的融资渠道,保证公司运营资金充足,并建立完善的内部控制体系,加大对员工的职业道德教育和业务技能培训,促进公司健康发展。