学龄前儿童抚育模式的转型与工作着的母亲

在中国计划经济向市场经济的转型过程中,城市学龄前儿童抚育模式也在转型。计划经济时代,学龄前儿童抚育工作作为＂公家事务＂,使工作着的母亲获得了可能的职业发展空间。随着市场经济的发展,学龄前儿童的抚育模式转向以市场理性选择为主的家庭和个人责任,独生子女政策更进一步强化了母亲与孩子成长优劣间的关系,工作着的母亲深感压力,母亲角色与职业角色间的冲突加剧。应当建立支持学龄前儿童抚育的国家制度,倡导公共托儿所和幼儿园的重新建设,解决职业女性的后顾之忧。     

浅谈大学生角色意识的养成

正确的角色意识是社会化的重要标志,也是影响大学生成才的重要因素。在培养大学生的角色意识过程中,要通过思想政治教育、学风建设、校园文化建设、心理健康教育、实践技能培养等各种途径提高大学生角色扮演能力,使学生成为适合社会发展需要的优秀人才。     

The Influence of Parental Separation and Divorce on Father–Child Relationships

ABSTRACT

Using a risk and resilience theoretical framework, this study examined the influence of parental divorce during childhood on father–child relationship quality in young adulthood. Relationship quality was measured using nurturant fathering and modified father involvement scales, and self-reports of current amount of face-to-face and verbal father–child contacts. Comparisons on these measures were made between 107 young adults from intact and 96 from divorced family backgrounds. The divorce group was also examined in isolation to explore how divorce-related factors—including structural, early contact, and interparental relationship factors—predict young adults' perceptions of their father–child relationship. Results demonstrate young adults from intact family backgrounds report a comparatively stronger father–child relationship. Among divorce group participants, structural factors (higher father socioeconomic status and joint custody) and early contact (greater percentage of time spent with father postdivorce) were predictors of higher scores on combined nurturant fathering and involvement measures. Greater early contact and stronger interparental relationship factors (low conflict and high contact and cooperativeness) similarly predicted current contact.     

清代甘肃进士教育养成述论

围绕选举制度和教育机构来重建士人教育养成的史实,这是既存教育史研究的基本视角。就清代甘肃进士而言,影响其养成的因素往往显得更为多元,诸如游学他乡、地方官培植以及家族的经济资助、教育背景、婚姻缔结等。进士作为科举的终端,常被喻为蟾宫折桂,他们的教育养成更能说明上述因素的重要性。     

South African Mixed‐race Children's and Mothers' Judgments and Reasoning about Children's Nurturance and Self‐determination Rights

This study examined the understanding of children's rights in 63 (9‐, 11‐, and 13‐year‐olds) mixed‐race South African children and their mothers. In individual semi‐structured interviews participants responded to hypothetical vignettes in which children's nurturance and self‐determination rights conflicted with parental authority in the home. Participants were required to decide whether they should support the story characters' rights and provide justifications for their responses. Findings indicated that both children and mothers were more likely to endorse children's nurturance than self‐determination rights. In contrast to previous research, no significant differences were found between children and mothers in terms of support for either type of right. In terms of reasoning, both children's and mothers' responses revealed distinct patterns of thinking influenced by the type of right under consideration. The findings are discussed with reference to the available western and non‐western literature on children's understanding of rights. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are considered.     

Parental acculturation and parenting in Chinese immigrant families: the mediating role of social support

This study provided updated evidence on how parental acculturation and social support were associated with parenting in a sample of Chinese immigrant families (n = 255). The results from multivariate regressions with a rich array of control variables showed that parents’ cultural preferences for friends, food and TV programmes of other cultures were significantly associated with more parental nurturance and less intergenerational conflict, but had no significant associations with the use of harsh discipline. Neither the length of parents’ residence in the U.S. nor their English proficiency was significantly associated with their parenting behaviours. Perceived social support played a significant mediating role in the relationships between parental acculturation and nurturance, but not in the relationships of parental acculturation with intergenerational conflict. The findings can help social service professionals to have a better understanding of the needs in supporting positive parenting behaviours and promoting intergenerational relationships in Chinese immigrant families.     

Effects of Nurturing and Non‐nurturing Caregiving on Child Social Initiatives: An Experimental Investigation of Emotion as a Mediator of Social Behavior1

This study examined the effects of one unfamiliar adult's warm, responsive interactions or cold, aloof, unresponsive interactions on child emotion and subsequent social initiatives to a second adult. Participants were 32 4¹/₂‐ to 5¹/₂‐year‐old preschool children. Nurturing, responsive caregiving and non‐nurturing, unresponsive caregiving were experimentally manipulated by experimenter facial and vocal affective expressions, positive versus negative statements to the child, and contingency of responding to the child's behavior. The effect of nurturance was examined on child emotions and social initiatives to another adult. Non‐nurturing caregiving produced less expressed happiness and fewer subsequent social initiatives. Furthermore, child emotion was found to mediate partially the relation between nurturing caregiving and social initiatives, with children who experienced interactions with a non‐nurturing caregiver expressing less happiness, which led to decreased social initiatives to a second adult.     

清代知识女性的知识养成及特点

清代知识女性人数多于历朝,她们获取知识的途径主要与家庭环境、婚姻生活以及与她们不同寻常的阅历有关,而艺妓则是在与名士的交往酬唱中学识大增。此外,清代知识女性关注社会事务的色彩比较明显,尤其是在清初和清末的社会动荡之际。