对"真理客观性"观点的辨析

哲学界通行的真理客观性观点与实践标准相矛盾,与唯物辩证法的范畴论相冲突,背离了真理定义的基本要求,不符合实践唯物主义的精神,曲解了经典作家关于客观真理的论断,其基本论据和推理过程存在严重的逻辑错误和内在矛盾,因而从根本上说是站不住脚的。     

The Ethical Challenges of Socially Responsible Science

Social responsibility is an essential part of the responsible conduct of research that presents difficult ethical questions for scientists. Recognizing one’s social responsibilities as a scientist is an important first step toward exercising social responsibility, but it is only the beginning, since scientists may confront difficult value questions when deciding how to act responsibly. Ethical dilemmas related to socially responsible science fall into at least three basic categories: 1) dilemmas related to problem selection, 2) dilemmas related to publication and data sharing, and 3) dilemmas related to engaging society. In responding to these dilemmas, scientists must decide how to balance their social responsibilities against other professional commitments and how to avoid compromising their objectivity. In this article, we will examine the philosophical and ethical basis of social responsibility in science, discuss some of the ethical dilemmas related to exercising social responsibility, and make five recommendations to help scientists deal with these issues.     

Mechanical tasting: sensory science and the flavorization of food production

The paper narrates the history of “texturometers”, devices that imitate the human biting mechanism and are used by food scientists in experiments on food texture. Two interrelated processes, characteristic of the emergence of industrialized food production in the twentieth century, are examined through this history of mechanical tasting. First, the paper surveys the pervasive project of transforming the phenomenological qualities of flavor and food texture into robust “objective” and “standardized” data. In constructing and using biomimetic texturometers, food sensory scientists attempted to translate texture qualities such as tenderness, crispness, crunch and chewiness into codified properties by producing formal definitions and graphical representations – an example of how the pursuit of objectivity and standardized knowledge coevolved with the rise of mass production and the emergence of sensory sciences. Secondly, the texturometers are related to an overall “flavorization”; that is, a historical process by which the complexes of sensory impressions became increasingly important for the production and consumption of food in late-modern industrialized societies.     

论对待人民英模人物上的历史虚无主义倾向

文章从历史虚无主义者歪曲人民英模人物的现象入手,描述歪曲人民英模人物的种种表现,概括了歪曲人民英模人物表现的主要特点。从学术立场出发,直指历史虚无主义者歪曲历史事实的要害,利用可信的历史资料和新的调查结论,对有代表性人民英模的历史事实做了还原和强调,提出历史科学的客观性和历史研究工作者应持的求真态度,强调要以历史事实为依据科学地评价人民英模人物。     

经济学哲学的二维批判:马克思对象性劳动的辩证法

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》是马克思居于经济学与哲学的二维空间内进行理论批判的重要成果,是马克思哲学的秘密诞生地。其中,马克思以现实的对象性的人及其实现自身对象化本质的劳动为立脚点,批判地继承了黑格尔《精神现象学》中“精神劳动”论题的合理形式,并从现代资产阶级社会中人的现实状况出发,发现了异化劳动的现实存在方式。揭示了资产阶级政治经济学的虚伪性以及黑格尔异化理论的抽象性与非批判性,指出两者均妄图将现实异化绝对合理化。而马克思则以现实的、历史的、批判的眼光将资本主义生产方式下的异化现象理解为人类自我实现过程中必然生成却又只具有暂时性的特殊的物质生产形式。并且不同于黑格尔力图在主体思维范围内解决这种异化的幻想,马克思提出现实的共产主义革命以实现历史的超越。     

先验哲学视野中的世界及其客观性

先验哲学肇端于笛卡儿"我思故我在"的哲学原则,以"先验自我"为阿基米德点而使世界在主观性中客观化。它所可能面对的世界有三重,即个体物的世界、一般本质或共相世界、绝对或大全世界。先验哲学的首要任务便是确立这三重世界的客观性。个体物的世界的客观性通过感性确定性而表现为原初被给予性,但一般本质的世界却不是原初被给予的,而是首先通过自由想象力的变更表现为普遍必然性,它成为被给予性是通过本质自我和想象力的张力活动实现的,因而是次级被给予性。如果仅坚持内在论原则,绝对或大全世界就是先验哲学在知识论上的界限。要使其成为客观的,必须拓展先验哲学。     

客观性知识及其批判

对知识本性的认识是一个不断发展的过程,以近代科学和理性主义为基础的传统科学主义知识观认为知识的本性是客观的、普遍的、价值中立的。随着科学技术和社会的飞速发展,传统的客观性知识容易走至绝对主义的理论缺陷日益显现,并面临历史和现实困境。资本主义社会固有矛盾的加剧引发了两次世界大战、工具理性对人性的扭曲、经济和生态等社会问题大量出现,引发后现代主义者的尖锐批判,具有鲜明非确定性特征的后现代知识观正是在此基础上产生。     

法律解释的认识论困境及其消解

在主客二分的认识图式下,法律解释的目标是追求具有客观实存性的立法者意图或者文本意图,然而方法论意义上的法律解释难以摆脱其在认识论上的主观性与客观性、历史性与非历史性的悖论.对法律解释的认识论目标进行哲学检讨,可以得知方法论意义上的法律解释犯了真理符合论的谬误,因在本体论意义上对真理错误的预设导致了认识论目标的谬误.所以,必须对法律解释的目标重新检讨,将法律解释的客观性与有效性区分开来,而法律解释的有效性是通过融贯性和共识性共同保障的.     

Deliberative democracy in the real world,the contribution of the capability approach

ABSTRACT

Drawing on Amartya Sen’s writings, this article presents the capability approach to democracy and shows its relevance for the sociological reflection and research on democratic processes conceived as ways to convert individual preferences into collective norms or decisions. Two moments are key in this respect: the formation of individual preferences and their translation into collective norms in the course of public debates. The initial sections present Sen’s conception of democracy, particularly emphasizing its articulation with the notions of ‘positional objectivity’ and ‘conversion’. Then, this conception is compared with two other mechanisms that may be used to coordinate individual decisions or preferences, namely the market and idealistic views on deliberative democracy. The article emphasizes how the capability approach departs from these two conceptions with regard to the two key concepts of capacity to aspire and capability for voice. The final section shows how Sen’s notion of democracy may open up a new field for research, namely the sociological investigation of the informational (or knowledge) basis of democracy.     

客观性与交互文化的经验

在文化接触中摆脱偏见并建立严格的客观性是文化交往理论的努力目标,遗憾的是当代思想屡屡在此失足。利用胡塞尔构造现象学的资源,以交互主体性、意向性、生活世界和自属性等概念为启发性类比的关节点,可以创造性地提出一条通向“情境客观性”的道路。