现实化·个性化·多元化——试论中国当代文学农村干部形象的嬗变

中国当代农村题材的长篇小说,基本是与中国农村的社会变革同步.作为党和农民之间的桥梁,农村变革的带头人,农村干部是农村中最具时代特色的一个群体,他们是中国当代文学人物画廊中不可或缺的重要组成部分,把握住他们的精神特质、性格特征及其嬗变的轨迹,就能大体把握住新中国农村社会生活发展演变的历史,从中吸取教训和得到启迪.     

《琵琶记》意义新探--兼谈悲剧的形而上特质

现代有关<琵琶记>意义的诠释,包括当前主要的"伦理矛盾说"和"性格缺陷说",皆未出"五四"以来现代话语结构中对传统儒家思想及国民性批判否定的层面.而自德国古典哲学以来的重要悲剧思想,无不强调悲剧的形而上特质,其中包括终极性认识和终极性超越两个方面.作为经典悲剧作品,<琵琶记>具有较之以往理解更为普遍的深层诠释空间,其间所表现的父子之间"孝"与"孝",君臣之间"孝"与"忠"的冲突,从根本上来说,展示了理想价值体系在具体时空当中的分割、对立和冲突,体现了有限中的人对完美理想的不懈追求.这个更深层次的诠释,不仅丰富了<琵琶记>的意义,而且能够加深对悲剧本质的认识.     

Ethnicity and place in a ‘disturbed city’: ways of belonging in Imphal,Manipur

This article explores the relationships between ethnicity, place and belonging in the city of Imphal, capital of the state of Manipur in India’s Northeast border region. Manipur has experienced decades of conflict from ethno-nationalist separatism, inter-ethnic territorial disputes and counter-insurgency operations. These ethnic conflicts play out on the urban landscape of Imphal. Control of the city from above is diffused among the civilian government and the armed forces. Non-state actors such as insurgent groups and ethnic organizations exert their own control from below. On such unstable ground, struggles by residents seeking to create place and a sense of belonging affirm ethnic boundaries. These boundaries are not static and the lines between inclusion and exclusion are continually redrawn along existing and emerging fault-lines among the population. Yet these boundaries are also transcended in unusual ways that may seem trivial but in Imphal are essential to realizing alternative ways of belonging.     

狂欢——从现代到后现代的诗学与哲学话语

巴赫金的狂欢理论以事件性、对话性、主体间性、敞开性、多元性和互文性颠覆了传统思维非此即彼的二元对立观念,从而使它彻底摆脱了近代哲学的思维模式,成为一种真正现代性甚至是后现代性的诗学和哲学话语。     

Impartial Nominations for a Prize

A group of peers must choose one of them to receive a prize; everyone cares only about winning, not about who gets the prize if someone else. An award rule is impartial if one's message never influences whether or not one wins the prize. We explore the consequences of impartiality when each agent nominates a single (other) agent for the prize. On the positive side, we construct impartial nomination rules where both the influence of individual messages and the requirements to win the prize are not very different across agents. Partition the agents in two or more districts, each of size at least 3, and call an agent a local winner if he is nominated by a majority of members of his own district; the rule selects a local winner with the largest support from nonlocal winners, or a fixed default agent in case there is no local winner. On the negative side, impartiality implies that ballots cannot be processed anonymously as in plurality voting. Moreover, we cannot simultaneously guarantee that the winner always gets at least one nomination, and that an agent nominated by everyone else always wins.     

为意义而战--论凯瑟琳·贝尔西的后结构主义文学意义观

凯瑟琳·贝尔西是英国著名的后结构主义文学批评家，意义观是其文学批评的重要组成部分。贝尔西的意义观以索绪尔的结构主义语言学为基础，她运用索绪尔的差异性原理批评表现论和摹仿论，认为语言不是透明的，文学作品的意义不在于表达作者的意图或反映客观现实。以此为基础，贝尔西接受能指物质化的观点，把意义的范围从语言扩展到符号，强调符号（包括文学作品）有外延意义和内涵意义，内涵意义不是自然和永恒的，而是由意识形态或话语决定，意识形态的转变导致对文学作品内涵意义的阐释也相应发生变化。由此，贝尔西的意义观实现了从结构主义向后结构主义的转变。     

Addressing religious plurality – a teacher perspective on minority religion and secular ethics education

The Finnish education system recognizes religious plurality by offering education in pupils’ own religion or in secular ethics. However, little research has been undertaken on how plurality is addressed in classroom practice. This study investigates how 31 minority religion and secular ethics teachers view the task of supporting and including plurality within their classrooms. The findings of this study show how instruction places high demands on teachers due to religious and cultural diversity, as well as age differences in the classroom. Teachers generally made an effort to take diversity into account by considering the different backgrounds of pupils in instruction and engaging pupils in class. However, teachers frequently took a traditional rather than a modern perspective on plurality in religious instruction by assuming pupils’ religious belonging. Confessional elements such as religious family background and religious practice outside school were also commonly seen as vital. Consequently, teachers had at times difficulties in supporting pupils with plural or little religious affiliation. The findings show a need to strengthen the non-confessional character of Finnish religious education so that both modern and traditional plurality among pupils occupy an equal position in the classroom.     

Transforming academic work: Communities of practice in Australian universities

Abstract

This article explores the model of communities of practice as an alternative to the competitive, corporatised model of universities prescribed in current Australian federal government policies and described in the document Universities: Backing Australia's Future (2003) and associated papers. The article argues that the federal government's policies, which include the proposal to create niche Australian universities, with specific purposes such as teaching-only, will reduce intra-institutional plurality and interdisciplinary activities. This represents a significant shift for most Australian tertiary institutions which have, over the past two decades, invested significant resources addressing disparate agendas of an increasing range of stakeholders. The current policies, with their emphasis on individualism and competition, have been criticised as demonstrating a poor understanding of academic work (Murray and Dollery 2005). The authors concur with this criticism and suggest that intra-institutional plurality, which may be reduced by the proposed changes, is more conducive to creative academic work. We argue that a government-regulated environment will limit the opportunity for collaborative and scholarly ways of doing academic work, such as the natural formation of communities of practice (Lave and Wenger 1991). The article suggests that the communities of practice model can offer a transformative approach to the organisation of academic work, by recognising and building on diversity, promoting collaboration and encouraging interdisciplinary research.     

America in the Psyche of Bangla Authors: Opening of the Space by Tagore

The essay, divided into five sections, explores how the Cultural Space called ‘America’ (and ‘Americanism’) are reflected in the works of a far-away literary-cultural community called Bangla (or Bengali) in South Asia, and how this inter-relationship was strengthened by Rabindranath Tagore. It begins with the post-Tagore post-WWII literary scene where America occurs as a backdrop and then touches upon Tagore’s contemporaries who referred to America. But it focuses on how Tagore, in his polemical writing, views the role of America in the international arena, or how he conceptualises Indo-American relations while commenting on American Society and its beliefs and practices — especially how it handles linguistic plurality, majority-minority relationships, and less-privileged groups. In particular, it discusses the concepts such as Individuality, Plurality, Diversity, Liberty and Civilization — all relevant for foreign policy initiatives then as well as now, and how America is viewed as a land of promise and opportunity.     

百分比量化逻辑初探

传统逻辑和标准量化逻辑在分析自然语言命题时,只使用全称和存在两种量词,把自然语言中的非全称的量化命题都当作存在命题来处理,然而在自然语言中除了全称量词和存在量词外,还有复量词、百分比量词等。自然语言中许多根据复量词和百分比量词的逻辑意义而进行的直观上正确的推理在传统逻辑和标准量化逻辑中都是无效的。显然,复量词和百分比量词不能当作存在量词来处理,它们有着不同的逻辑意义。