Sampling Strategies for Toxic Air Contaminants

Annual concentrations of toxic air contaminants are of primary concern from the perspective of chronic human exposure assessment and risk analysis. Despite recent advances in air quality monitoring technology, resource and technical constraints often impose limitations on the availability of a sufficient number of ambient concentration measurements for performing environmental risk analysis. Therefore, sample size limitations, representativeness of data, and uncertainties in the estimated annual mean concentration must be examined before performing quantitative risk analysis. In this paper, we discuss several factors that need to be considered in designing field-sampling programs for toxic air contaminants and in verifying compliance with environmental regulations. Specifically, we examine the behavior of SO2, TSP, and CO data as surrogates for toxic air contaminants and as examples of point source, area source, and line source-dominated pollutants, respectively, from the standpoint of sampling design. We demonstrate the use of bootstrap resampling method and normal theory in estimating the annual mean concentration and its 95% confidence bounds from limited sampling data, and illustrate the application of operating characteristic (OC) curves to determine optimum sample size and other sampling strategies. We also outline a statistical procedure, based on a one-sided t-test, that utilizes the sampled concentration data for evaluating whether a sampling site is compliance with relevant ambient guideline concentrations for toxic air contaminants.     

碳排放权分配对碳市场成本有效性的影响研究

交易成本和市场势力影响碳市场成本有效性,不同的碳排放权分配方法是否造成不等的碳市场效率损失? 本文构建碳交易机制下企业决策模型,探究交易成本、市场势力存在时,碳排放权分配方法的选择对碳市场成本有效性的影响． 研究发现: 1) 交易成本中交易佣金会导致碳市场效率损失,基准法和祖父法的影响程度小于拍卖法; 2) 碳市场存在市场势力时,祖父法和基准法导致的碳市场效率损失小于拍卖法; 3) 当碳市场同时存在交易成本和市场势力时,市场势力进一步加剧了交易成本导致的碳市场效率损失,祖父法和基准法导致的增加损失小于拍卖法． 本文建议政策制定者采用祖父法或者基准法对市场势力企业进行碳排放权分配,并取消交易佣金．     

竞争市场中生产与碳交易策略

在碳排放约束下,利用动态古诺模型,分析厂商如何优化产量、交易碳排放权的规模、净化节约额以实现利润最大化的问题,得到相应的均衡量和各阶段最优量,并给出竞争市场中的企业减排策略以及政府的行为和碳排放权价格对企业减排策略的影响,阐述在竞争市场中减排和碳排放权交易的运行机制。研究发现: 双寡头竞争市场中存在均衡状态;在减排率较低时,制造上获得最高利润,而企业追求过高的减排率将会导致过分依赖碳减排市场而获得较低的利润;制造商应该适时低价购入过量碳排放权,而在高价时卖出多余的碳排放权,以充分利用碳排放权市场以增加利润降低成本;制造商的利润会随着政府碳排放权分配系数的增加而增加。     

论排污许可法律关系

论证排污许可为公益行政合同的法律性质,认为环境保护的公益性决定排污许可管理的行政性,而持续削减原则和固定污染源制造过程的变化决定排污许可管理的契约性。认为排污许可法律关系的重新定性有利于合同强制性理论的适用,以解决排污许可制度缺乏稳定性、持续性和权威性的问题;有利于适用为公益的第三人合同理论,以解决环境许可程序上公开性不足的问题;有利于适用为公益合同的相对性理论,以解决排污许可监管力度不够的问题;可以为企业达标排污损害责任的溯及既往提供法理解释;可以在排污许可制度中运用情势变更原则。     

Empirical study of robust estimation methods for PAR models with application to the air quality area

Abstract

This paper compares three estimators for periodic autoregressive (PAR) models. The first is the classical periodic Yule-Walker estimator (YWE). The second is a robust version of YWE (RYWE) which uses the robust autocovariance function in the periodic Yule-Walker equations, and the third is the robust least squares estimator (RLSE) based on iterative least squares with robust versions of the original time series. The daily mean particulate matter concentration (PM10) data is used to illustrate the methodologies in a real application, that is, in the Air Quality area.     

我国采矿权的法律属性及其反思

我国采矿权既具有物权属性又具有行政权属性,其原因是采矿权受到行政权的过度干预。采矿权本来是一项民事权利,但在我国,其产生完全受制于行政权。我国将开采矿产资源的民事权利(采矿权)与政府对矿产资源开采的管制(行政许可)混为一团,行政许可兼负了创立民事权利的职责。要解决这个问题,就要分清国家作为矿产资源所有者与作为矿产资源开采管理者的身份,将国家让与采矿权的民事行为与国家对企业开采矿产资源的行政许可行为分开。     

Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT

This article provides an overview of spinal cord injury (SCI) that is useful and informative for social workers and other health care professionals who work with this population. Social workers new to the specialty of spinal cord injury must expand their knowledge base of this chronic injury. Social workers contribute to the rehabilitation process through assessment, education, and discharge planning. This article also may be used to inform persons with spinal cord injury and their families and to encourage them to engage in dialogue about SCI in the earliest stages of treatment and rehabilitation.     

我国的建筑许可制度

建筑许可是行政许可的一种,在监督、管理和规范建筑活动中具有举足轻重的作用.从建筑许可的概念入手,主要介绍了建筑许可的特征、作用、原则及法律救济.     

On the Inside: A Narrative Review of Mental Health Inpatient Services

This paper describes and discusses the results of a narrativereview of inpatient mental health services in the UK. Four mainthemes emerge from the review: the growing pressure on inpatienthospital services; the negative experience of inpatient servicesreported by many service users; the problematic nature of hospitaldischarge; and possible alternatives to hospital admission.This review also suggests that a failure to recognize and acton what appears to be happening in hospitals could result ininpatient care once again being subject to the scrutiny andcriticism that cast a shadow over psychiatric services in the1960s and 1970s. To stop this happening, current governmentpolicy is right to focus attention back onto acute care throughnew guidance and by commissioning research. However, changesalso need to take place at a practice level so that front lineworkers are familiar with conditions in local acute servicesand can challenge unacceptable behaviour/services in supportof their service users. With current changes in the make-upof local mental health services and a greater emphasis on partnershipworking between health and social care, it may be that socialcare practitioners can do this not only from the outside, butincreasingly ‘on the inside’ (from within integratedhealth and social care organizations).     

论我国传统盐业合伙债务清偿的特点

盐业契约是指有关盐井开凿以及盐业生产、经营、管理等契约规范的总称,这些规范在中国契约法律制度和盐业文化体系中占有十分重要的地位。盐业合伙契约作为一种独具我国民族特色的资本组织形式,其债务清偿具有许多不同于一般合伙债务清偿的特点,从合伙债务清偿的常见类型出发,分析“井债井还”这种盐业合伙债务清偿的独特模式,对于理解合伙债务清偿制度分类的科学性及多样性,完善我国民商事法律制度具有重要意义。