从业者、素养、才能:职业与专业视野下的清代讼师

清代讼师从业者多为未仕的各类生员,士子多因屡试不第、仕途稽滞而从事讼师之业,国家法律不能禁绝;讼师通晓律例、熟悉例案,法律素养较高;做举子时的经史素养,也使讼师们善用经史资料助讼,以附会通行于官员中的情理断案风习,且成功率较高;讼师熟悉官场、通晓世情和讼案症结,对案件定性准确,能够给当事人提供有效而高明的建议;其利用官员心理、作风,也具长技。讼师作为职业的存在,是专业服务需求的需要,也是官府与百姓之间知识系统沟通的需要。     

Determining the skills for child protection practice: from quandary to quagmire?

This article, the first of two, provides an account of an extended literature review that was undertaken in order to establish the evidence base for the learning and teaching of skills for child protection practice. It considers the contribution to the knowledge base from child abuse inquiries and from policies, guidelines and other documents from governmental departments and professional bodies. The subsequent analysis of terminology used for the review illustrates the complexity of searching for evidence that relates to concepts about which there are many differing perspectives, and also highlights the relevance to the study of activities undertaken by practitioners from a wide range of backgrounds. The paper describes the review method beginning with an initial search from which several hundred articles were located, only six of which generated evidence of value to the study. These six, however, highlighted a range of skills that provided the basis for a second, more focused search. Following an account of organisation and analysis of material, the paper concludes with discussion of some of the challenges presented during the process of this review, the complexities of which are reflected in the paper's title. A second paper will present the findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The use of analytical methods and tools in international negotiations: A practitioner's perspective

This paper presents a practitioner's perspective on the use of systematic analytical techniques to improve the practice of international negotiations, primarily in a multilateral context. A generic model of the negotiation process is presented and the utility of various analytical methodologies is evaluated against the component functions described by the model. Overall, analytical tools for negotiation support are viewed as most useful in the prenegotiation phase. Conclusions are based primarily on practical experience, not on theories of negotiation.     

Morals,Ethics and practice — in search of social justice

Abstract

This paper reports a study of sources of influence on moral and ethical decision-making in social work practice. Practitioners from ten government and five non government agencies kept journals about the main moral issues they faced over a one-month period and were then interviewed about the nature of those issues, their resolution and the influences that shaped those resolutions. Practitioners' personal moral perspectives were found to be the main sources of influence on resolutions to a wide range of dilemmas and most of those resolutions did not conform to accepted social wok ethical practice principles. Even though the results of this study are drawn from a small sample, some implications are suggested for practitioner development, professional ethics and social work education.     

毛泽东在“调查研究年”的多维角色述评

毛泽东是调查研究优良传统的主要培育者,为了切实纠正"大跃进"的左倾错误,扭转国民经济的困难局面,使党的指导思想达到主观与客观相统一、理论与实践相统一.20世纪60年代初,毛泽东极力倡导大兴调查研究之风,特别是在1961年的调查研究年,毛泽东演绎着多维角色.     

中国儒法传统下武人心理结构的历史变迁

人是文化哲学的本质和核心,武术文化研究离不开与"武"相关的人本身。以拥有武技的武人在不同历史时期的社会角色及其处境为线索,从儒家、法家的文化传统所代表的现实秩序的兴衰与融合的历史变迁中梳理武人心理结构的演变过程,有助于更真实地理解历史文化变迁中武术与相关传统文化的深层关系。整体来看,不同历史时期国家主流文化驱使下的社会秩序形成外部强制,逐渐使武人的自然性情趋于内隐而转化为自我控制和调整,从而在各自的社会角色中实现了对暴力的文明转化以及自身心理结构的"理性化"。同时,传统武礼、武德的内涵也是在武人不断调整、适应社会的过程中逐步生成与发展的,并承载和体现了一定的儒法传统特征,这一过程整体上也影响了武术的发展走向。     

Ecologically and Transdisciplinarily Inspired Research: Starting Points for Practitioner Research and Sustainable Change

Abstract

This article reports an adventure of collective creating in which learning psychology, sociology, professional learning, managerial and nature thinking came together and enriched the authors’ perspective on the methodology of practice-oriented research. It resulted in the manifestation of two base tunes and six ‘ecologically and transdisciplinarily inspired’ (ETI) research principles. The ETI perspective includes an ecological way of dealing with the social and physical research issues, which means holistic thinking and working and thinking in terms of connectedness. It also means that mono-disciplinary and interdisciplinary scientific and practical thinking need to be ‘transcended’ to deal with practitioner research issues. Other fundamental matters include dealing with wisdom, narratives, and the ecological fallacy; collectively and transdisciplinarily creating knowledge and improved practice with stakeholders, e.g. actors; and being cognitively inspired by nature.     

Theoretical and Practical Imperatives for Reflective Social Work Organizations in Health and Mental Health

Summary

This article describes the common challenges to health and mental health organizations that require these agencies to become more “reflective” in their culture and structures. This necessitates integrating practice and research at all organizational levels. Schon's concept of reflective practice to health and mental health organizations is extended to develop the construct of a reflective organization, in which direct practitioners are integral to organizational learning through ongoing service evaluation and redesign. The theoretical and practical reasons why social work administrators and clinicians alike are obliged to integrate practice and research are discussed. University-based models of practice-research integration impede this process; Epstein's Practice-Based Research approach facilitates it.