关于审美范畴的划分

在对审美范畴的划分上,美学教科书通常都以优美、崇高(壮美)、悲剧、喜剧(滑稽)等来界定该范畴的内容。这是不科学的,因为这四者并非是各自独立的同一事物的不同方面,它们之间并非是平等并列的关系,并且这种划分易在理解上造成混乱。审美范畴的较为科学的划分,应是阴柔美、阳刚美、悲伤美、幽默美等。     

Equilibria in Health Exchanges: Adverse Selection versus Reclassification Risk

This paper studies regulated health insurance markets known as exchanges, motivated by the increasingly important role they play in both public and private insurance provision. We develop a framework that combines data on health outcomes and insurance plan choices for a population of insured individuals with a model of a competitive insurance exchange to predict outcomes under different exchange designs. We apply this framework to examine the effects of regulations that govern insurers' ability to use health status information in pricing. We investigate the welfare implications of these regulations with an emphasis on two potential sources of inefficiency: (i) adverse selection and (ii) premium reclassification risk. We find substantial adverse selection leading to full unraveling of our simulated exchange, even when age can be priced. While the welfare cost of adverse selection is substantial when health status cannot be priced, that of reclassification risk is five times larger when insurers can price based on some health status information. We investigate several extensions including (i) contract design regulation, (ii) self‐insurance through saving and borrowing, and (iii) insurer risk adjustment transfers.     

现代汉语助词及其再分类

本文在总结前人和同行研究成果的基础上 ,对汉语助词的特性、功能、数量等进行了综合考察 ,并从不同角度给出一个再分类体系 ,供汉语教学者借鉴和参考。