科学知识与哲学知识中的时空问题

科学知识中的时间和空间是客观的物质的,具有不以人的意志为转移的客观性。其时间具有过去——现在——未来的发展的一维性,而其空间具有三维性或与时间相结合的四维性。而哲学知识中的时间和空间具有主、客观统一的异质性、可逆性。其时间具有以现在为基础和中心的向心性,以及以未来为中心的预设目标的超越性;其空间具有以人自身和人的创造物为中心和尺度的向心性。造成这种状况的原因是:科学活动中以尽量排除人的心理和人的活动的因素的干扰而保持科学成果的纯粹客观性,而哲学活动作为一种对整体性的追求和对前提条件的不断追问,把人的活动,特别是产生创造物的物质和精神活动及其结果看作是主客观统一的过程和结果,正是人的精神的以人为中心的向心性和可逆性、无限的个体性赋予了哲学(还有艺术、宗教等反思性知识)知识具有主、客观统一的异质性、可逆性、向心性等。由于人的生活、特别是物质生产活动具有人的意识的对象化、客观化和客观事物及其规律对人的内化和理性化统一的特点,所以,社会历史的实践活动中,科学知识的时间和空间以及哲学知识的时间和空间互为前提和基础,相互促进和转化。     

International Business Cycle Asymmetry and Time Irreversible Nonlinearities

Using tests of time reversibility, this paper provides further statistical evidence on the long-standing conjecture in economics concerning the potentially asymmetric behaviour of output over the expansionary and contractionary phases of the business cycle. A particular advantage of this approach is that it provides a discriminating test that is instructive as to whether any asymmetries detected are due to asymmetric shocks to a linear model, or an underlying non-linear model with symmetric shocks, and in the latter case is informative as to the potential form of that nonlinear model. Using a long span of international per capita output growth data, the asymmetry detected is overwhelmingly consistent with the long standing perception that the output business cycle is characterized by steeper recessions and longer more gentle expansions, but the evidence for this form of business cycle asymmetry is weaker in the data adjusted for the influence of outliers associated with wars and other extreme events. Statistically significant time irreversibility is reported for the output growth rates of almost all of the countries considered in the full sample data, and there is evidence that this time irreversibility is of a form implying an underlying nonlinear model with symmetrically distributed innovations for 15 of the 22 countries considered. However, the time irreversibility test results for the outlier-trimmed full sample data reveal significant time irreversibility in output growth for around one half of the countries considered, predominantly in Northern Europe and North America, and of a form implying a nonlinear underlying model in only a further half of those cases.     

函数极值必要与充分条件的椎广

应用矩阵的语言，对一、二元函数的极值必要条件与充分条件作了推广，从而给出了n元函数的极值必要条件与充分条件，为多元函数极值的讨论提供了一种判别方法。     

Probabilistic Properties of Parametric Dual and Inverse Time Series Models Generated by ARMA Models

For the class of autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) processes, we examine the relationship between the dual and the inverse processes. It is demonstrated that the inverse process generated by a causal and invertible ARMA (p, q) process is a causal and invertible ARMA (q, p) model. Moreover, it is established that this representation is strong if and only if the generating process is Gaussian. More precisely, it is derived that the linear innovation process of the inverse process is an all-pass model. Some examples and applications to time reversibility are given to illustrate the obtained results.     

技术创新成果转化的决定因素——基于技术特征和资产可逆性的均衡分析

技术创新成果向现实生产力的转化进而新技术的实际应用是实现技术进步的关键一环.本文从技术特征和资产可逆性的角度,在局部均衡的分析框架内,考察了企业的技术选择和新技术采用行为.分析表明,企业进入时的技术选择和进入后的新技术采用取决于不同技术的效率、固定资产及其可逆性的程度;在一定程度上,低效率的旧技术具有经济上的合理性,高效率的新技术对经济主体而言则没有诱惑力;同时,一定的技术进步激励政策可能会由于技术采用方面的"阿弗奇一约翰逊效应"而产生与政策初始愿望相反的后果.     

Not every Gibbs sampler is a special case of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

It is commonly asserted that the Gibbs sampler is a special case of the Metropolis–Hastings (MH) algorithm. While this statement is true for certain Gibbs samplers, it is not true in general for the version that is taught and used most often, namely, the deterministic scan Gibbs sampler. In this note, I prove that that there exist deterministic scan Gibbs samplers that do not exhibit detailed balance and hence cannot be considered MH samplers. The nuances of various Gibbs sampling schemes are discussed.     

A general function of axiomatic index numbers

Summary This paper describes an axiomatic approach to index number theory. A general bilaeral formula which generates a set of indices of prices and quantities is proposed. This formula is written as a geometric mean, weighted with logarithmic means of relative values, and includes all of those indices and related cofactors which satisfy the following axiomatic properties: strong identity, commensurability, linear homogeneity and associativity (or monotonicity). Moreover, two subsets of indices are identified: the first subset includes those which can be expressed either as geometric means or as expenditure ratios; the corresponding bounds are given by the Laspeyres' and Paasche's indices. The second subset also satisfies the desired properties of base and factor reversibility; in this case the bounds are given by Sato Vartia's and Fisher's indices. In addition it is shown that the intersection between the two subsets identifies a new bilateral ideal index which satisfies the axiomatic and reversibility properties (base and factor) and may also be written as an expenditure ratio. All other formulas, which do not belong to the family of the proposed indices, violate some of the axiomatic properties. For multilateral comparisons, a mixed system of direct and indirect indices which satisfies the transitivity condition is proposed.     

Social epigenetics: a science of social science?

Epigenetics has considerable potential to transform social science by embedding mutually regulative reciprocal connections between biological and social processes within the human activities it studies. This paper highlights common epigenetic methods and outlines practical considerations in the design of ‘social epigenetics’ research addressing the identification of biomolecular pathways, statistical inference of causality, conceptualization of the environment as a biochemical event, heritability of epigenetic alterations and intergenerational accountability, and concept of time implied by attempts to capture complex, non-linear gene-environment interactions. Finally, we reflect on the social epigenome as a conceptual space and try to identify barriers to translation, and practical and ethical issues raised by epigenetics research. In order for social epigenetics and social science to contribute to the emergence of this putative ‘science of social science’ and to capture meaningful human experience they will both need to change significantly.     

Integer-valued moving average (INMA) process

A simple model for a stationary sequence of dependent integer-valued random variables {X_n} is given. The sequence to be called integer-valued moving average (INMA) process, is taken as the “survivals” of i.i.d. non-negative integervalued random variables. It is argued that the model’s structure reflects to some extent the mechanism generating real life data for many counting process and consequently it is useful for modelling such processes. Various properties for the special case in which {X_n} is Poisson INMA (1) process, such as the joint distribution, regression, time reversibility, along with the conditional and partial correlations, are discussed in details. Extension of the INMA of first order to higher order moving average is considered.     

等待时间受限的置换流水车间调度启发式算法

针对等待时间受限的置换流水车间调度问题,分析了其可行解与流水车间调度最优解的关系,给出了计算最大完工时间的有向图,证明了等待时间受限的置换流水车间调度问题的可逆性,并以此为基础提出了一种启发式算法.算法首先根据等待时间受限约束与无等待(no-wait)约束的相似特征,生成初始工件序列集;然后利用问题可逆性给出了复杂度为O(n2m)的插入优化机制,进一步优化初始解.数据实验的结果验证了启发式算法的可行性和有效性.