Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries

Many thousands of people in developing country cities depend on recycling materials from waste for their livelihoods. With the focus of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty reduction, and of waste strategies on improving recycling rates, one of the major challenges in solid waste management in developing countries is how best to work with this informal sector to improve their livelihoods, working conditions and efficiency in recycling.The general characteristics of informal recycling are reviewed, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. Despite the health and social problems associated with informal recycling, it provides significant economic benefits that need to be retained. Experience shows that it can be highly counterproductive to establish new formal waste recycling systems without taking into account informal systems that already exist. The preferred option is to integrate the informal sector into waste management planning, building on their practices and experience, while working to improve efficiency and the living and working conditions of those involved. Issues associated with integrating informal recycling into the formal waste management sector are discussed.     

华北根据地1940年代初期对浪费现象的改造

1940年代,华北根据地出现严重困难局面。与此相对照,浪费现象在华北各根据地普遍存在着。为根除这一现象,中共采取了多种措施。这些措施的推行,在当时对肃清浪费现象、倡导节约之风起到了重要作用,对当今政府反对浪费、倡导勤俭也有重要启示。     

Vehicle routing–scheduling for municipal waste collection system under the “Keep Trash off the Ground” policy

This paper investigates the waste collection problem and characterizes the problem as a set-covering and vehicle routing problem (VRP) complicated by inter-arrival time constraints. The study proposes a bi-level optimization formulation to model the split delivery VRP with multiple trips to determine the minimum-distance route. The first stage optimally plans the collection points that cover all residential blocks. The second stage applies a heuristics method to solve the minimum vehicles used and minimum distance traveled for collecting residential waste. This research contributes to model this period VRP and to introduce the heuristics method to solve the problem efficiently. The study is important in laying the groundwork for understanding the possibility of improving the service level of municipal solid waste collection.     

从背叛到“皈依”——《智血》中主人公的宗教信仰历程解析

《智血》通过剖析其主人公黑兹尔在对宗教的信仰与怀疑之中挣扎,最终皈依基督的荒诞经历,反映出作者所处时代的动荡环境中人们复杂的内心与扭曲的灵魂,从而揭示出奥康纳在看似荒诞不经的故事情节中所蕴涵的宗教思考和道德探索。     

以其人之论,解其作品涵义之谜--探讨《荒原》中的客观对应物

评论界对《荒原》的文本解读方式很多,提出的见解也存在诸多分歧。为深入理解作品的真正涵义,应该将作家的文论同他的作品结合起来进行分析,也就是从艾略特本人的文学批评理论出发,尽可能准确地诠释作品中的“客观对应物”。     

Public sector delivery of waste management services: cases from the Indian Sub-Continent

This paper discusses the role of public sector institutions in the delivery of urban services, with a particular focus on waste management in the Indian Sub-Continent. Public sector institutions are the major stakeholders in the delivery of urban sevices. They hold the major responsibilities, funds and employ a large number of staff. The public sector institutions are also exposed to political influence and the institutional changes are often politically or donors driven. However, since new institutions such as non-government organisations and private sector are taking important roles in the actual delivery of services, there is a greater need to understand the existing linkages to promote integration. The informal sector also provides services to a large number of population. In order to promote efficient and effective delivery of urban services, it is important to work on the integrated approaches involving key stakeholders.     

从《荒原》看艾略特诗歌的后现代性

T.S.艾略特被公认为现代派诗歌的代表,但他的代表作《荒原》中将生死边界消融、宗教理想融合的观点体现了后现代所弘扬的多元统一的理念。而缺乏中心情节的断片式呈现,以及对神话传说的复制拼贴是后现代主义诗歌常用的技法。     

Place,people and processes in waste theory: a global South critique

Scholars across the humanities and social sciences have long sought to theorize waste, and more particularly the relationship between humans – their history, society, culture, art and thought – and their discards. My contention, though, is that these theories, since Mary Douglas’s Purity and Danger (1966) and Thompson’s Rubbish Theory (1979), have been predominantly based in and on global North contexts and, concomitantly, have taken as their axiom the distance between our cultures, lives, experiences and our material rejects. By intersecting existing cultural theories of waste with two important emerging schools of thought – environmental justice and new materialism – I argue that the exclusion or side-lining of places, notably in the global South where countless people live on a day-to-day basis with, on, and off waste, leads to certain imbalances, biases and gaps. Most notably, the livingness and agency of material rejects is often overlooked in theories that oppose humans and other-than-human waste. By way of conclusion, I propose the notion of ‘living waste’ – a more literal and material take on Bauman’s well-known concept ‘wasted lives’ – as a new point of departure for a reconceptualization of waste that might escape the prevailing dualisms and account simultaneously for ‘full-belly’ and ‘empty-belly’ contexts, human (wasted) lives and other-than-human waste materials, and understandings of lived experiences of waste.     

Information Needs Concerning a Planned Waste Incineration Facility

Waste management has become a major environmental issue in Germany. The siting of waste incineration especially arouses strong local opposition. The study presented here is related to such a case (i.e., a planned waste incineration facility in a small West German village). The study is based on a telephone survey aimed at the information needs of the residents. Two topics are stressed: (1) the thematic relevance of the siting project as seen by the public; and (2) the residents'information needs. The results show that a majority of residents are concerned about the planned facility, and the most important topics of their information needs refer to the risks and the safety systems of the planned facility, as well as information about waste management alternatives. Furthermore, the information needs depend on the personal relevance of the issue and the perceived knowledge deficit about it. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the design of a risk communication program. Here, four groups of residents are distinguished in terms of knowledge and motivation and, thus, need to be approached in different ways.     

艾略特诗歌的用典败笔

本文从艾略特早期哲学思想中考察其追求诗歌的“隐晦”目标，并通过中西诗学观点的比较指出艾略特的“哲学诗歌”误区，这一误区导致他在早期诗歌特别是在《荒原》中使用“生典”和“硬典”的修辞败笔。