Building a Human Health Risk Assessment Ontology (RsO): A Proposed Framework

Over the last decade the health and environmental research communities have made significant progress in collecting and improving access to genomic, toxicology, exposure, health, and disease data useful to health risk assessment. One of the barriers to applying these growing volumes of information in fields such as risk assessment is the lack of informatics tools to organize, curate, and evaluate thousands of journal publications and hundreds of databases to provide new insights on relationships among exposure, hazard, and disease burden. Many fields are developing ontologies as a way of organizing and analyzing large amounts of complex information from multiple scientific disciplines. Ontologies include a vocabulary of terms and concepts with defined logical relationships to each other. Building from the recently published exposure ontology and other relevant health and environmental ontologies, this article proposes an ontology for health risk assessment (RsO) that provides a structural framework for organizing risk assessment information and methods. The RsO is anchored by eight major concepts that were either identified by exploratory curations of the risk literature or the exposure‐ontology working group as key for describing the risk assessment domain. These concepts are: (1) stressor, (2) receptor, (3) outcome, (4) exposure event, (5) dose‐response approach, (6) dose‐response metric, (7) uncertainty, and (8) measure of risk. We illustrate the utility of these concepts for the RsO with example curations of published risk assessments for ionizing radiation, arsenic in drinking water, and persistent pollutants in salmon.     

高校行政人员心理压力源调查研究

了解高校行政人员心理压力的主要来源.方法:采用问卷调查方法对四所高校的423名高校行政人员进行调查.结果:1)压力的主要来源是工作因素.2)在所有压力事件中亲人过世、家庭经济负担、工作强度排在前三位.     

The stressor–strain relationship in diary studies: A meta-analysis of the within and between levels

Daily diary studies use the same set of measures repeatedly for several days. Within the work stress domain, these studies are able to isolate the effects of daily exposure to stressors within people from the general level of stressors between people. This meta-analysis investigated both content-related and methodological aspects of workplace stressor–strain relationships in diary studies. Results from 55 unique samples (a combined sample size of 5409) indicated that the magnitude of the stressor–strain relationship was stronger at the between-person level than the within-person level. Further, when the stressor was measured prior to the strain (within the same day), the relationship was somewhat stronger than when stressor and strain were measured concurrently. This suggests that stressor–strain effects might take some time to fully manifest. Differences were also detected among types of strains: affective strains had stronger relationship with stressors than behavioural strains. There were also differences in the stressor–strain relationship depending on both the type of strain and the timing of their respective measurement (concurrent versus predictive), suggesting that certain strain responses require more time to manifest. Overall, this meta-analysis elucidates important considerations in the design and interpretation of diary studies on occupational stress.     

Learning to Manage the Multirisk World

Risk assessment, perception, and management tend to focus on one risk at a time. But we live in a multirisk world. This essay in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) and the journal Risk Analysis suggests that we can—and have already begun to—strengthen risk analysis and policy outcomes by moving from a focus on the single to the multiple—multiple stressors, multiple impacts, and multiple decisions. This evolution can improve our abilities to assess actual risks, to confront and weigh risk-risk trade-offs and innovate risk-superior moves, and to build learning into adaptive regulation that adjusts over time. Recognizing the multirisk reality can help us understand complex systems, foresee unintended consequences, design better policy solutions, and learn to improve.     

企业员工工作压力影响因素分析——以石油企业为例

伴随着全球化进程,压力成为人类社会不可回避的重要内容,压力来源也成了研究的热点,分析中国石油企业员工具体的工作压力来源,有助于提高员工的工作绩效和组织稳定。运用实证分析方法对油田企业实地调查,发现组织环境与管理、工作待遇与家庭、工作条件与环境、职业发展和工作人际关系是中国石油企业员工五大工作压力源因子,企业应有针对性地制定改进企业压力管理的策略。     

An expanded typology of conflict at work: Task,relationship and non-task organizational conflict as social stressors

This study investigated the roles of three types of conflict at work – task, relationship and non-task organizational – in predicting employee strain. These conflict types refer to disputes over issues that are, respectively, work-task specific, driven by emotionally charged interpersonal animosity or rooted in more broad organizationally relevant issues. Findings from a sample of 260 working adults from various organizations in the United States supported the notion that the three types of conflict function as social stressors and are related to a variety of psychological, behavioural and physical strains. They extend previous research based primarily on relationship conflict. Non-task organizational conflict emerged as a key predictor across strain criteria, thus highlighting the importance of including a more complete conceptualization of the conflict construct in social stress research. The results for task conflict are at variance with findings that it can be beneficial, and suggest that its negative relationship with well-being may be due to its co-occurrence with the other forms of conflict. These findings provide support for an expanded typology of conflict.     

地震灾区学生的心理调控

地震和应试对灾区学生是双重生活事件压力源(Stressor),采用积极正性的应对方式(coping)时灾区学生提高学业成绩以及身心健康都有着重要意义.文章从心理调整、恰当的自我要求、考前准备及考场上的心理调控四个方面提出应对建议.     

环境应激及其应对

心理学对应激的研究已扩展到社会和环境领域。由于现代技术工具的进步和社会生活的相互依赖,人和环境的关系、人和人的关系发生了巨大的变化。环境(自然的和社会的)不仅仅是人类生存和生活的场所,而且是人类必须面对的应激源,自然的、技术的、社会的灾难和事件对人的心理、生理和行为构成压力。心理学家对应激提出了多种解释,个体则必须依靠各种应对资源,采取有效应对策略,发展成熟的应对风格,对环境应激刺激作出适当反应。     

个体工作压力源中的角色冲突与其人格的关系

遵循个体差异性原则,在我国组织与工作环境中,探讨个体工作压力源中的角色冲突与其人格特点之间的关系.158名组织员工完成了工作压力源问卷中角色冲突分量表和中国人人格量表.研究结果表明,个体工作压力源中的角色冲突与其人格特点显著相关,不同水平的个体人格特点对其工作压力源中的角色冲突有显著影响.研究结果提示,具有不同人格特点的个体对于相同环境中潜在的角色冲突的经历及其影响是不同的.     

挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系

工作压力一直受到实践者和研究者关注,是组织行为和人力资源管理等学科研究的重要问题.以中国企业员工为样本,采用探索性和验证性因子分析法对挑战性压力源和阻碍性压力源的二维结构观点进行检验,运用层级回归分析方法分析这两类压力源与员工工作投入和整体工作满意度的关系.研究结果表明,压力源的二维结构同样适合于中国企业员工样本,并不是所有的压力源都会带来消极影响,挑战性压力源与员工的工作投入和整体工作满意度显著正相关,而阻碍性压力源与员工工作投入和整体满意度显著负相关.最后对研究结果和未来研究方向进行讨论和说明,该结果不仅在一定程度上丰富了压力管理研究内容,也为企业的管理实践提供指导思想.