Improved Transferability of Data‐Driven Damage Models Through Sample Selection Bias Correction

Damage models for natural hazards are used for decision making on reducing and transferring risk. The damage estimates from these models depend on many variables and their complex sometimes nonlinear relationships with the damage. In recent years, data‐driven modeling techniques have been used to capture those relationships. The available data to build such models are often limited. Therefore, in practice it is usually necessary to transfer models to a different context. In this article, we show that this implies the samples used to build the model are often not fully representative for the situation where they need to be applied on, which leads to a “sample selection bias.” In this article, we enhance data‐driven damage models by applying methods, not previously applied to damage modeling, to correct for this bias before the machine learning (ML) models are trained. We demonstrate this with case studies on flooding in Europe, and typhoon wind damage in the Philippines. Two sample selection bias correction methods from the ML literature are applied and one of these methods is also adjusted to our problem. These three methods are combined with stochastic generation of synthetic damage data. We demonstrate that for both case studies, the sample selection bias correction techniques reduce model errors, especially for the mean bias error this reduction can be larger than 30%. The novel combination with stochastic data generation seems to enhance these techniques. This shows that sample selection bias correction methods are beneficial for damage model transfer.     

语用学在课文理解中的应用

语用学是研究语言的理解和使用的学问。研究的范围包括指示语、　　　语用学在课文理解中的应用　　　　　　　　　　　　　　会话含义、预设等。要使交际取得成功 ,说话者指示语所指信息要清楚 ,交际双方要有共同的语用预设 ,双方还要遵守合作原则     

戏剧中的叙述者

新时期以来,有学者对戏剧进行了形式主义的研究,其方法论借鉴于叙述学。叙述学是通过对小说的分析而总结出来的文学理论。在分析戏剧的叙述形式时,直接套用叙述学的相关理论是不恰当的,其应用时需要经过一定的转换。在小说文体中,存在两类最重要的叙述者类型:第一人称叙述者和第三人称叙述者。其中,第三人称叙述者只存在于直接引语中,此时的全知叙述者沉默或者隐蔽,将叙述者的功能转让给了他(她)。同样的,在戏剧文体中,第二文本中的叙述者可以对应于小说中的全知叙述者。第二文本的叙述者作为戏剧故事之外的叙述者,叙述戏剧人物的外貌或心理状态等情况。在大部分戏剧文本中,第二文本中的叙述者是沉默的,而戏剧中的人物作为第三人称叙述者承担了叙述者的功能。     

从旅游翻译看“翻译标准多元互补论”

翻译标准众说纷纭,各有千秋。本文尝试从旅游文本的翻译特点,通过例证来寻找旅游翻译的标准;并从旅游翻译的角度来思考翻译标准多元互补论对旅游文本英译的指导作用。     

Doing Gender unto the Other: Fiction as a Mode of Studying Gender Discrimination in Organizations

Although ‘doing gender’ has been recently defined as an accomplishment, an element of social practice, this understanding of the concept needs to be extended to coercive action such as subtle workplace discrimination. Even though great effort has been invested in revealing the dynamic of such social practices, the researcher's task is not easy for a variety of reasons. This type of study is difficult to conduct by following traditional research design and many alternative approaches have been tried. This article presents the possibility of using fiction as one possible and relatively unexploited venue of research.     

试论文本的意象空间和生命世界——兼论李煜的词

文学语言凭借意象建构意义世界。意象是艺术创造主体生命意识与客体融合同构的结晶 ,是艺术形象诞生的前提。李煜词中的意象蕴涵着生命意味 ,它通过文本的意象来展现艺术创作过程中主体与客体的关系。     

先秦至唐初《诗经》文本阅读的历史演化

本文考察自先秦到唐初的《诗经》阅读情况,认为《诗经》之文本意义有一个从阅读的文本向文本的阅读的转化,《毛诗正义》则为这种转化作了总结。先秦之时,当《诗》成为独立的阅读文本时,只具有词汇的意义;两汉的章句经学注意到《诗经》的语言形式,但是,四家诗同为阐明圣人之意,严守师法之授,故其差异,不过是阅读的“版本”不同而已;魏晋以后的《诗经》阅读,注重诗情文理,人自立说,表现出注重文本的特色;唐之《毛诗正义》受到魏晋诗学的影响,解说《诗序》、毛传、郑笺的孔疏,因注重文理而表现了一定的文本意识,披露了小序与诗辞之间的矛盾。但是这部钦定的著作,又一次使《诗经》的阅读回到“版本”阅读的底线,从而表明,《诗》只要是被作为经学的读本,就不会有真正意义上的文本阅读。     

Physiologically Based Liver Modeling and Risk Assessment

Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, there is often a choice between a number of apparently equally applicable physiologically based models to describe uptake and metabolism processes in toxicology or risk assessment. These models may fit the particular data sets of interest equally well, but may give quite different parameter estimates or predictions under different (extrapolated) conditions. Such competing models can be discriminated by a number of methods, including potential refutation by means of strategic experiments, and their ability to suitably incorporate all relevant physiological processes. For illustration, three currently used models for steady-state hepatic elimination--the venous equilibration model, the parallel tube model, and the distributed sinusoidal perfusion model--are reviewed and compared with particular reference to their application in the area of risk assessment. The ability of each of the models to describe and incorporate such physiological processes as protein binding, precursor-metabolite relations and hepatic zones of elimination, capillary recruitment, capillary heterogeneity, and intrahepatic shunting is discussed. Differences between the models in hepatic parameter estimation, extrapolation to different conditions, and interspecies scaling are discussed, and criteria for choosing one model over the others are presented. In this case, the distributed model provides the most general framework for describing physiological processes taking place in the liver, and has so far not been experimentally refuted, as have the other two models. These simpler models may, however, provide useful bounds on parameter estimates and on extrapolations and risk assessments.     

生态文艺学:视域、范式与文本

“生态文艺学”作为一门新兴文艺学科 ,由于学者们所存在的视域差异及遵循的学术范式不同 ,其预构的文本存在着很多可写的形式 ,这本在人们的意料之中。然而 ,从学科的发展来看 ,这种状态毕竟是一种不利因素 ,我们应该对之进行必要的检视 ,使它朝着理想的文本模式发展     

从关联理论看语篇连贯

语篇连贯是语篇与非语篇的最大区别 ,韩礼德和哈桑把语篇的显性衔接看作是连贯的必要前提条件 ,本文对此作了批评 ,并以斯佩尔和威尔逊的关联理论为基点 ,集中讨论用关联认知方法构建连贯的语篇。