Communication of risk: health hazards from mobile phones

Summary. Possible health hazards from mobile phones arise from the use of the phones themselves and via the base stations that relay signals. Except for an increase in traffic accidents induced by the use of mobile phones in cars the evidence for a health hazard is at most indirect, but it cannot be entirely dismissed; the phones have not been widely used for sufficiently long for direct epidemiological studies to have high sensitivity for detecting any induced incidence of cancer, for example. The background and evidence are briefly reviewed and the steps taken in the UK to make information widely available described.     

Pharmacovigilance in Clinical Trials: Current Practice and Challenges

In view of the MENA increasing participation in multinational trials and the increasing number of national/regional trials, this article explores potential areas of pharmacovigilance, requiring reform and provides recommendations for building a robust safety reporting system. Regulatory silence on expedited reporting requirements creates confusion for local sites that are part of multinational trials. Not allowing waiver for serious adverse events that are protocol specified or are study endpoints, along with lack of emphasis on causality as reporting criteria, adds substantial burden of uninformative cases for regulatory review. Despite global focus on Development Safety Update Report, local regulators are not yet insistent on real-time update of a drug’s cumulative safety profile. Issues like reporting requirements for generic trials, pregnancy reporting and lenient timeline for death/life-threatening events need attention. Finally, the need to formulate an all-encompassing local pharmacovigilance guideline, in sync with global practice cannot be overemphasized.     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故单危险源风险度量模型研究

本文研究了煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故危险源的分类,把危险源划分为人的不安全行为、机器设备不安全状态、环境不安全特征和管理缺陷四大类,并根据煤矿现场调查各类危险源的数据以及相应数学方法的特点,提出煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故人、机器设备(物)、环境、管理四类危险源的风险度量方法,在此基础上构建四类危险源的风险度量模型。研究表明,危险源的风险度量模型由风险发生的可能性、危险源重要度以及事故导致的损失构成;危险源风险发生的可能性,在具体应用中可以采用各类危险源的不可靠度、故障率等来衡量;危险源在事故中的重要度可以通过分析事故故障树种要素结构重要性获取。根据风险评价的结果,可以对危险源进行分级排序,从而为煤矿事故单危险源的控制提供依据。     

东北社会自性与区域性社会突发事件治理

东北地区具有的资历性社会、新二元社会结构以及单位文化等社会自性对区域性社会突发事件治理产生了重要的影响。资历性的社会自性对社会突发事件的危机预警系统、信息沟通方面产生了阻碍作用;新二元社会结构中的传统计划体制和市场化体制共同作用于社会突发事件的治理;单位文化的自性对管理体系的整合以及危机意识产生了消极功能。合理利用东北社会自性来进行积极的、高绩效的社会突发事件治理是政府和学界研究的重要议题。     

高校突发事件的概念、类型、成因及特点探析

以去年"非典"突发事件及高校出现过的突发事件为例进行研究,提出了高校突发事件的概念,对高校突发事件的类型、成因及特点进行了探讨分析,为建立高等学校突发事件的应急管理机制打下基础。     

浅议《学生伤害事故处理办法》的事故责任归责原则

学校是否承担学生伤害事故赔偿责任,这与侵权行为法的归责原则有根本的关联。而学校事故责任的归责原则,与侵权行为的样态有密切的关联。学校的一般侵权行为应当实行过错责任原则;学校的特殊侵权行为应当区分不同的具体情况实行无过错责任原则或过错推定责任原则或公平原则等。《学生伤害事故处理办法》笼统地把学校事故责任的归责原则抽象为过错责任,是不符合现行法律的规定和有关法理的。     

试论中国忧患意识的传统及其思想内涵

忧患意识是儒家思想的重要组成部分,也是中华民族的优秀思想传统。从内容上讲,传统忧患意识中包含着忧身忧德、忧国忧民、忧政忧君等若干方面,其核心是忧国忧民。从认识论的角度讲,忧患意识是人类理性精神的觉醒,是个人道德境界的超越和升华,是一种辩证思维品质,更是一种积极身上、奋发有为的进取精神。探析中国传统的忧患意识对于正确继承和发扬中华民族的优秀思想文化传统,与时俱进,提高中华民族的思想道德素质和精神境界具有重要的现实意义。     

Who by Accident? The Social Morphology of Car Accidents

Prior studies in the sociology of accidents have shown that different social groups have different rates of accident involvement. This study extends those studies by implementing Bourdieu's relational perspective of social space to systematically explore the homology between drivers’ social characteristics and their involvement in specific types of motor vehicle accident. Using a large database that merges official Israeli road‐accident records with socioeconomic data from two censuses, this research maps the social order of road accidents through multiple correspondence analysis. Extending prior studies, the results show that different social groups indeed tend to be involved in motor vehicle accidents of different types and severity. For example, we find that drivers from low socioeconomic backgrounds are overinvolved in severe accidents with fatal outcomes. The new findings reported here shed light on the social regularity of road accidents and expose new facets in the social organization of death.     

Risk Homeostasis Theory and Traffic Accident Data

The risk homeostasis theory posits, in essence, that a control mechanism analogous to the thermal homeostatic system in warm-blooded animals tends to keep risk per unit time constant, and, as a consequence, the number of traffic accidents per unit time of driving also tends to remain constant, essentially independent of changes in the traffic safety system. It is the purpose of the present research to examine the validity of this claim using a wide variety of traffic accident data. All the data examined are found to be incompatible with the risk homeostasis theory. The only specific field accident data offered in the literature to support the risk homeostasis theory are found to, in fact, refute the theory. The accident data provide evidence that a rich variety of user responses occur. While it is possible for users to collectively respond in such a way that safety benefits are completely cancelled, such a response is not particularly common; it is certainly not universally occurring, as suggested by the risk homeostasis theory. It is concluded that the risk homeostasis theory should be rejected because there is no convincing evidence supporting it and much evidence refuting it.     

低频度事件保险产品选择谈判决策模型

本文考虑在低频度事件中保险产品选择问题,用效用理论及模糊数学知识建立了产品选择模型,并给出了算例,找到了使双方均满意的最优产品。