论列强对洪宪帝制的态度及影响

帝制初起时 ,一战方酣 ,西方列强无暇东顾 ,对华政策大多以日本的意志为意志 ,为了争得对袁世凯政府的控制 ,列强争相怂恿袁世凯称帝。当袁世凯称帝之事呼之欲出、反对之声叠起时 ,日本为了乘中国国体变动之机扰乱中国以达其侵略之目的 ,联合西方列强出面干涉 ,劝告袁世凯延缓帝制 ,煽动中国内部叛乱 ,并对袁世凯施加经济压力。以日本为首的列强的出尔反尔是袁世凯政权走向灭亡的关键性因素之一。     

论政府在社会主义市场经济中的职能定位问题

政府在社会主义市场经济中如何定位一直是理论界争论的焦点之一。通过对市场与政府的关系分析,指出在中国市场和政府结合的最佳途径是以市场为基础,将政府职能转化为以建设公共服务型为重点。     

The analysis of incomplete data using stochastic covariates

In the development of many diseases there are often associated random variables which continuously reflect the progress of a subject towards the final expression of the disease (failure). At any given time these processes, which we call stochastic covariates, may provide information about the current hazard and the remaining time to failure. Likewise, in situations when the specific times of key prior events are not known, such as the time of onset of an occult tumour or the time of infection with HIV-1, it may be possible to identify a stochastic covariate which reveals, indirectly, when the event of interest occurred. The analysis of carcinogenicity trials which involve occult tumours is usually based on the time of death or sacrifice and an indicator of tumour presence for each animal in the experiment. However, the size of an occult tumour observed at the endpoint represents data concerning tumour development which may convey additional information concerning both the tumour incidence rate and the rate of death to which tumour-bearing animals are subject. We develop a stochastic model for tumour growth and suggest different ways in which the effect of this growth on the hazard of failure might be modelled. Using a combined model for tumour growth and additive competing risks of death, we show that if this tumour size information is used, assumptions concerning tumour lethality, the context of observation or multiple sacrifice times are no longer necessary in order to estimate the tumour incidence rate. Parametric estimation based on the method of maximum likelihood is outlined and is applied to simulated data from the combined model. The results of this limited study confirm that use of the stochastic covariate tumour size results in more precise estimation of the incidence rate for occult tumours.     

故障诊断技术的应用

介绍了在工程界已广泛应用的信号分析诊断及尚停留在实验室探索的裂纹分析诊断,模糊分析诊断的工作原理和应用实例。     

Can we remember differently? A case study of the new culture of memory in voluntary organisations

This article analyses the positive contribution that Slovenian voluntary, non–governmental organisations, users' organisations and community–based services in the field of mental health have made to the 'new culture of memory' of helpers and users. The conceptual differences between Slovenian psychiatric (institutional) treatment and voluntary community care are presented through the case study of Clare, a young woman who was diagnosed as a chronic schizophrenic. This example shows the importance of community care in voluntary organisations for the reduction of disability associated with mental disorders. The development of the new culture of memory in voluntary organisations and community–based services is not only the 'narrative turn' within social welfare, but also symbolises the 'implicit turn' in the relationship between the helper and the user. The real challenge of the new culture of memory in the process of help to disabled people (in respect of individuals working through traumatic memories) is that the helper can bear and support the user on a daily basis. During the process of their relationship, the deep implicit relational memories of both become activated and influence the change within the user as well as the helper.     

"祝颂"言语行为的汉英对比

汉英“祝颂”言语行为及“祝颂语”在词汇、句法、语体、语境、话语结构和文化背景等方面均存在共性与差异。实施“祝颂”言语行为时常出现“语用语言失误”和“社交语用失误” ,其根源在于文化差异 ,即英美文化的基督教信仰、个体主义、自我价值和汉文化的贬己尊人等传统观念之间的差异。     

论非自愿移民的历史地位与作用

非自愿移民是在国际移民理论研究中受排斥的领域 ,显然极不正常。非自愿移民是中国移民史的主流形态 ,非自愿移民在中国社会经济发展中起了重要作用。有中国特色的移民理论是中国移民实践全部历史经验的继承与发展     

语用失误对英语教学的启示

本文以JennyThomas的理论为依据,针对日常英语交际中经常出现的语用失误,进行了分析调查,阐明了语用失误的主要原因,研究出了一些对英语教学非常有用的方法,提出了在日常英语教学中怎样培养学生的语用能力的一些建议。     

追求自我解放 寻觅自由人生--劳伦斯笔下的理想女性厄秀拉

劳伦斯笔下的叛逆女性厄秀拉是劳伦斯塑造的最理想的人物.她为人正直,追求真理与不合理的社会进行奋力抗争,虽屡遭失败,仍不放弃追求,最后在大自然和周游世界中获得了自由.厄秀拉的这种追求是作家拯救西方人摆脱精神危机的有价值的尝试.     

BATHTUB-TYPE CURVES IN RELIABILITY AND BEYOND

Finding optimal, or at least good, maintenance and repair policies is crucial in reliability engineering. Likewise, describing life phases of human mortality is important when determining social policy or insurance premiums. In these tasks, one searches for distributions to fit data and then makes inferences about the population(s). In the present paper, we focus on bathtub‐type distributions and provide a view of certain problems, methods and solutions, and a few challenges, that can be encountered in reliability engineering, survival analysis, demography and actuarial science.