基于出行者选择的城市公交和共享单车竞合关系影响因素研究

摘要:为了更好地便利交通并促进城市地面交通系统可持续发展,基于出行者行为选择,从竞合关系视角研究共享单车对公交的影响,以共享单车对公交影响的相关文献为案例进行研究,包括北美、欧洲、大洋洲和亚洲的城市,并总结归纳相关影响因素;对北京市出行者进行了SP问卷调查,利用MNL模型定量分析了各种因素对出行者公交、共享单车选择的影响,采用二元logit模型估计组合模式选择的影响机制。研究认为,共享单车作为独立个体或接驳公共交通的新模式,与地面公交交通模式间竞争与合作并存,可骑行距离、道路基础设施以及出行者的心理因素都会导致共享单车和公交之间的竞争;相反,公交换乘站之间的距离、出行端点与站点的间距均会影响二者的合作模式。城市交通管理者应合理配置公交和共享单车的数量,鼓励市区出行者根据自己的需求选择不同的出行模式以快速接驳轨道交通,提倡竞争性并行,促进公交和共享单车在综合交通系统中的合作与协调发展。     

Influential factors in the choice of public transportation or cars as the mode of transportation in habitual commutes / Factores que influyen en la elección del transporte público o el automóvil como modo de transporte en los desplazamientos habituales

The goal of this study is to analyse the differences in attitudes towards habitual modes of transportation among users of public and private transportation. The explanatory capacity of attitudes when determining the mode choice, along with the structural and sociodemographic factors, are also verified. The study was performed in three Spanish cities with 742 participants. The results revealed that cars are better rated than public modes of transportation in the attributes associated with immediate advantages (i.e., speed and availability) and convenience. Subways are highly rated in both immediate and deferred advantages (environment, safety, cost and health). Buses are the mode rated the lowest of the three. Using logistic regression, it was verified that the variance explained by a model that includes attitudes (R² = .639) is higher than the variance explained by a model based solely on variables related to infrastructures (R² = .489). The discussion of these results includes proposals aimed at decreasing car use.     

重视大都市区在城市化过程中的地位与作用

大都市区正在成为各国经济生活、资本形成和国际竞争的主要空间尺度与结构,大都市区化已成为不可避免的趋势。城镇人口比重超过50%通常是由传统城市化转入大都市区化阶段的分水岭,我国目前正处在城市化阶段转变的关键时刻。轨道通勤圈是界定大都市区的重要标准,也是区别大都市区与蔓延式大城市及城市群的主要准绳,市郊通勤铁路应该得到特别重视。在大都市通勤区内以TOD模式实现居民职住平衡,改造传统大城市由于时空阻滞导致的各种城市病,提高各大都市区的社会经济活力,才能引领大中小城市合理分工与布局,并支撑相应城市群的形成。必须尽快研究我国大都市区的官方定义,填补城市化战略的重要缺环,把各百万人口以上蔓延式的传统特大城市转型为现代大都市通勤区,并将政府的行政组织与权力结构进行相应尺度的重组,避免由于行政碎片化的延误而付出过大代价。     

区域一体化下的广州市居民城际通勤特征分析

在区域一体化背景下,随着区域基础设施的日益完善、区域产业分工与合作格局的形成,区域内城市间的人口流动日益密集,城际通勤者的队伍正日益壮大,并成为检验和分析区域一体化格局的研究对象。本文以广州为案例,。在分析城际通勤基本特征的基础上,从交通设施、社会经济背景和制度政策因素等角度,分析城际通勤的影响机制。认为,交通设施决定通勤方式,反映于通勤时间,制约出行一时间比率;社会经济背景属性影响城际通勤,家庭结构越复杂、工作职务和收入水平越低,其出行一时间比率越大,“行政区”经济、市场化改革等制度政策因素也对城际通勤产生影响。并从完善交通设施、优化基础设施布局、改善城市与区域规划、促进公共服务设施均衡配置等方面提出相关政策建议。     

过度通勤的识别及其影响因素:以深圳为例

城市劳动力市场与住房市场的不完全市场特性,使得劳动力很难进行最优的居住与就业选择,进而导致城市通勤成本的增加,过度通勤是城市中普遍存在的一种现象。文章利用深圳市住房调查问卷的相关信息,对过度通勤进行识别并对其影响因素进行分析。研究发现,过度通勤的大小在10%～20%之间;过度通勤的影响因素包括受教育程度、从事的行业类型以及住房所有权形式。     

对农村义务教育校车制度的探讨

在我国目前的农村义务教育体制下,学生接受教育与因上学远而引发的学生安全问题的矛盾日益突出。是一概采取寄宿制,还是另辟蹊径,现实地摆在了政府和理论界面前。寄宿制对未成年学生造成的不利影响难以避免,建立农村义务教育校车系统是一种理性选择。     

Being-in-motion: the everyday (gendered and classed) embodied mobilities for UK university students who commute

This article makes the case for a more robust mobilities approach to student geographies in the UK, in order to problematise the enduring binary of [im]mobility (‘going away’ vs. ‘staying local’) and to challenge the presumed linearity of educational (and mobility) transitions in higher education. Through a discussion of two UK-based studies, we make the case for considering the complex and multi-layered everyday mobilities of students who commute to illuminate a broader range of mobility practices that shape students’ experiences and identities, and which are embedded in multiple and intersecting embodiments of class, gender, age and ethnicity.     

Location,Vocation, Location? Spatial Entrapment among Women in Dual Career Households

This paper explores spatial entrapment among women. The analysis contributes to the debate concerning the spatial entrapment thesis, advancing research through application of a mixed method empirical approach, and focus on dual career households in the UK. Data from the UK Labour Force Survey Household Data‐Set is combined with a recent case study of Greater Nottingham, England. The empirical findings are indicative of relative equality between career men and women in hours worked for an employer, particularly in professional occupations. But, while a level of equality is present in many workplaces, gender inequity within the home persists. Women, on average, work closer to their place of residence. School age dependent children present a particular constraint. Women are spatially entrapped by household responsibilities, with potentially severe career implications. Redressing this inequity within the household, however, represents a major challenge for future policy.     

中国交通拥挤收费的理论分析、经验借鉴与初步构想

随着交通机动化和汽车私人化迅猛发展,主要城市都不同程度地遭受着交通拥挤的困扰.以往缓解交通拥挤问题主要依靠供给政策和行政措施,然而实践证明运用供给政策调节往往陷入“交通拥挤—扩建道路—私人交通增多—公交需求减少—交通更加拥挤“的恶性循环.在给出了Downs-Thomson及Braess两种通勤悖论的基础上,分别证明在某些条件下提高道路交通容量是无效甚至起反作用;分析了交通拥挤收费的经济学原理,证明拥挤收费可以有效解决通勤悖论;介绍了拥挤收费的国际经验;探讨了中国实施拥挤收费的必要性和可行性,强调中国应该结合供需政策,运用收费机制纠正市场失灵,引导人们科学出行,从而缓解道路拥挤,发展绿色城市交通.     

促使低碳经济的政策重心转向消费环节

积极发展低碳经济已是当前全社会的普遍共识。但目前我国的政策重点主要强调生产环节的节能减排,而如何促进消费环节的节能减排,发展消费型低碳经济还没有引起充分重视。但随着扩大内需政策的实施,把低碳经济发展的政策重心由生产环节转向消费环节显得十分重要。加强低碳消费政策研究,积极推进绿色出行、绿色居住、绿色生活方式,对于实现全社会的节能减排目标有积极意义。