Having it all overseas: Aid workers and the international division of reproductive labour

This article examines the dynamics of power and privilege at work in international development through the prism of domestic service for expat aid workers in developing countries. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork amid aid workers and their domestic staff in Dakar, Senegal, I argue that access to affordable care work greatly enhances the lives of women who work overseas in development. The postcolonial underdevelopment and poverty that aid work addresses is paradoxically critical to the aid workers' own access to affordable care, family balance and the means to do their jobs. I put this insight into the larger scholarly conversation about domestic work and global inequality, including on the Global Care Chain.     

State work and the testing concours of citizenship

Anyone trying to be a citizen has to pass through a set of practices trying to be a state. This paper investigates some of the ways testing practices calibrate citizens, and in doing so, perform “the state.” The paper focuses on three forms of citizenship testing, which it considers exemplary forms of “state work,” and which all, in various ways, concern “migration.” First, the constitution of a “border crossing,” which requires an identity test configured by deceptibility. Second, the Dutch asylum process, in which “being gay” can, in certain cases, be reason for being granted asylum, but where “being gay” is also the outcome of an examination organized by suspicion. And third, the Dutch measurement of immigrants’ “integration,” which is comprised of a testing process in which such factishes as “being a member of society” and “being modern” surface. Citizenship is analyzed in this paper as accrued and (re)configured along a migration trajectory that takes shape as a testing concours, meaning that subjects become citizens along a trajectory of testing practices. In contributing both to work on states and citizenship, and to work on testing, this paper thus puts forward the concept of citizenship testing as state work, where “state work is the term for that kind of labor that most knows itself as comparison, equivalency, and exchange in the social realm” (Harney, 2002, pp. 10–11). Throughout the testing practices discussed here, comparison, equivalency, and exchange figure prominently as the practical achievements of crafting states and citizens.     

South African Indian migration in the twenty-first century: towards a theory of ‘triple identity’

This paper is inspired by three issues, namely ongoing research on South Africans of Indian origin, the anecdotal evidence that accumulates through ongoing discussions on a casual level with such people and the increasing interest among researchers about how globalization and transnational movements are impacting upon identity formation among minorities who are seeking employment or a new life in the developed economies of the ‘big five’ English-speaking countries, i.e. the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the UK. It is in countries such as these that a third identity emerges and develops to instill a sense of triple identity. The information here suggests that, when people of Indian origin migrate to one of these countries, they continue to cling to South Africa because it is their country of birth, as well as to India, more for sentimental rather than practical reasons. The topic of this paper reflects a contemporary phenomenon not just among the Indians in South Africa, but also among other diasporas such as Chinese in Latin America, whose new and final emigration destination always seems to be the US. In addition, people of Chinese origin in the countries of Indochina, such as Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, experienced similar patterns of becoming diasporas in Europe, North America and Oceania in the 1970s. However, migration implores them to renegotiate their identities in order to adapt and settle in accordance with their newly adopted host territories. This gives rise to an identity that straddles three countries, which induces the need to examine new ways of identity building in a global transnational economy.     

迁徙自由与户籍管理改革

迁徙自由的权利是基于人类固有尊严而应为人人所享有的,以《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》为依据的中国户籍制度在事实上将这项权利取消了。这种户籍管理制度所产生的不公平及对我国市场经济的发展造成的不利影响不容小视,所以当前改革户籍管理制度,确认并设立公民的迁徙自由权利显得必要而迫切。     

民族大迁移造就了北京城

民族大迁移 ,尤其是少数民族大迁移造就了北京城。辽、金、元、明、清五朝 ,均有民族大迁移。尤其是明清两朝 ,均将北京的前朝居民迁移出去 ,本族居民迁移进来。在今天的北京 ,辽代契丹人留下了天宁寺塔 ,金代女真人遗下金太液池的一汪清水 ,元代蒙古人的胡同和六海水系还在沿用 ,明代汉族工匠建成了宫殿、长城和十三陵 ,清代精美的皇家园林和王府建筑后人至今无法企及。     

"离农"与韩国农业的现状

韩国自 194 5年独立到 1999年间 ,伴随着工业化的高速进展 ,农村人口也大量流失 ,占总人口的比重由 70 %下降到 9%,使得目前的农村劳动力严重不足与老龄化。人口的减少与剧烈的两极分化 ,使出租地增加到总耕地面积的 4 0 %以上 ,而且基本上是土改前租佃关系的翻版 ,不利于机械化与生产效率的提高。由于农业危机 ,韩国政府希望通过建立股份化的农场 ,使农业生产规模化、现代化 ,并为此做了很多努力 ,但进展不太顺利。     

全球化时代的移民对东亚的影响

在东亚 ,民族与国家是密切联系在一起的 ,但是自 2 0世纪 80年代全球交往加深以来 ,这些社会所深深认同的在国家范围内民族单一性的观念受到了国际移民的挑战。这些移民多数是来自亚洲或者是有着亚洲种族血统的拉美人。多元民族社会的出现已经开始了 ,由全球化而引发的移民和较高收入社会的人口下降对近来及未来数十年的公共政策会有很大的影响。尽管各国的中央政府继续推行使单一民族国家现实化的政策 ,但是一些地方政府和市民组织已经在很多情况下对种族和文化的多样性现实以及外国工人在他们的社区的生活、工作及社会公平问题做出越来越积极的回应。这必然对东亚的社会结构及民主的进程产生深远的影响     

Land Ownership as a Determinant of Temporary Migration in Nang Rong, Thailand

In this study I consider landownership as a determinant of temporary migrationin a rural area of Thailand. Previous researchon rural areas in developing countries hasfocused on the use of migration to diversifyhousehold incomes across economic sectors andacross geographic areas. I combine thisliterature with economic theories of migrationto understand the effect of land ownership ontemporary migration of household members inNang Rong, Thailand. I estimate regressionmodels predicting the probability of ahousehold having any temporary migrants, andpredicting the number of male or femaletemporary migrants in the household. I findthat households with smaller landholdings arediversifying through migration in order tosupplement rural income, while households withlarger landholdings are diversifying in orderto overcome the absence of accessible credit inthe village.     

Economic Determinants of Net International Migration in Western Europe

This paper aims to estimate theinfluence of economic determinants on netinternational migration in Western Europe inthe period 1960–1998. Net migration rates(i.e., population growth minus natural increase,divided by the midyear population) constitutethe dependent variable. The economicdeterminants used in this study are GDP percapita, unemployment, and average educationallevel (amount of human capital) of thepopulation. Time series regression models havebeen used in country-specific analyses. Inaddition, a pooled cross-sectional time seriesanalysis has been made. The analyses suggestthat GDP per capita has a positive effect andunemployment a negative effect on a country'snet international migration.     

State‐led transnationalism and migration: reaching out to the Argentine community in Spain

Abstract This article focuses on when and how states develop transnational policies. It presents a case study of a relatively small emigrant community, whose departure was not simply caused by poverty or crisis, but most recently by an economic and political debacle that questioned people's values and expectations. I focus on the state side of the equation and identify a shift in Argentina's policy after 2003, though also show how such policies came out of a long history of state intervention in population and migration and are now related to human rights concerns and the unfinished process of democratic consolidation. I argue that the state initiates political transnationalism, not migrants, and highlight the importance of some relatively unexplored factors in the understanding of the motivation, intensity and impact of the state's involvement, such as the characteristics of the emigrant community, the existence of specific political projects, the role of some domestic actors and processes, and the nature of international agreements.