会话幽默的心理机制和认知基础

本文首先分析了会话幽默中降格和升格两种心理预设机制 ,进而从语言变异的角度举例说明了其最为常见的语言表现形式 ,最后从范畴化和概念化的角度分析了会话幽默的认知基础     

类推在原型范畴认知理论中的作用

文章从认知语言学中的原型范畴理论观察了类推在其中的作用和地位，结论是，类推在范畴原型认知中起了催化剂的作用。     

守望远逝的精神家园——对黄河上游小民族非物质文化遗产的调研报告

黄河上游各民族的口头传承和非物质文化遗产绚丽多姿,它不但是黄河上游各民族长期融汇交流过程中提炼升华而成的思想文化的结晶,而且是各民族创造和生产新文化的动力和源泉。文章对黄河上游东乡族、保安族、土族、撒拉族、裕固族五个小民族非物质文化遗产的主要内容和生存状况进行了梳理分类和调查分析,并提出在抢救和保护工作中一些具有操作性的意见。     

词义的范畴化与非范畴化

认知语言学认为,语言中的词义是具有认知和心理基础的。人类对世界万物进行分类的高级认知活动被称为范畴化。范畴化就是把通过体验获得的概念用语言形式表达出来的认知过程。然而词义在范畴化的过程中也可能由于某些因素而丧失其原有范畴特征,经历非范畴化的过程。文章以认知语言学为基础,探讨词义的范畴化与非范畴化。     

‘Asian fail’: Chinese Canadian men talk about race,masculinity, and the nerd stereotype

Popular representations of Asians – and especially Asian men – often stereotype them as nerds. Drawing on qualitative field studies of Chinese Canadians' beliefs about ‘authentic’ identity and of an urban ‘nerd-culture scene,’ this article examines the perceived nerdiness of Asians. Membership Categorization Analysis is used as a framework to analyze two Chinese Canadian men's self-categorizing discourses. One embraces his nerdiness but is ambivalent about his racial/ethnic identity; the other is comfortable being categorized as Asian but distances himself from what he describes as the ‘typical’ nerdy Asian male. Although orientations to their presumptive categorization as Chinese or Asian differ, both design their self-presentations to manage inferences made about them. We argue that Canadian multiculturalism complicates these processes by discursively transforming racial difference into ‘cultural diversity’. This produces systematic errors in categorization, leading to inaccurate inferences of cultural competences or stereotypes social attributes from perceptions of physical difference. Under these conditions, the linking of nerds and Asians not only constrains individual life projects but can function as the ‘benign discourse’ that hides a racial subtext, reproducing historic, anti-Asian stereotypes in a seemingly neutral guise.     

Moving Faces: Categorization of Dynamic Facial Expressions in American Sign Language by Deaf and Hearing Participants

American Sign Language (ASL) uses the face to express grammar and inflection, in addition to emotion. Research in this area has mostly used photographic stimuli. The purpose of this paper is to present data on how deaf signers and hearing non-signers recognize and categorize a variety of communicative facial expressions in ASL using dynamic stimuli rather than static pictures. Stimuli included six expression types chosen because they share overt similarities but express different content. Hearing participants were more accurate in their categorizations but expressed overall lower confidence regarding their performance.

认知观在对外汉语教学中的应用研究

认知理论为语言结构的理据分析提供了崭新的视角。文章从广义的认知角度出发,结合教学实践中的具体实例,说明认知观在对外汉语教学中的重要解释作用。     

A lay-statistician explanation of minority discrimination

We outline a new explanation of discrimination against numerical minorities. In contrast to prior work that focuses on how the content of categories affects discrimination, our argument describes how the size of categories leads to discrimination. Specifically, we argue that, when comparing multiple categories, actors tend to view larger categories as more closely approximating an underlying population than smaller ones. As a result, a decision maker will tend to expect that members of a numerical majority are more likely to be what he/she is searching for, whether it is the best or worst candidate. We report the results of two studies designed to test these arguments. To demonstrate the generality of the proposed mechanism, Study 1 tested the argument in a non-social domain. Participants disproportionately favored the majority (vs. minority) category when searching for a single winning lottery ticket, and favored the minority category when the goal was to avoid a single losing ticket. Our second study supported an additional implication of the argument in a social domain: decision makers tended to rank highly qualified majority job candidates as better than equally qualified minority candidates, and relatively unqualified majority candidates as worse than equally unqualified minority candidates.     

类型化改革视角下国有企业之功能重构与立法调整

国有企业难以调和公共性与企业性功能的平衡,究其根本原因还在于没有实现国有企业的合理区分。我国有必要从功能视角出发,将国有企业区分为公共性国有企业与一般商事性国有企业,并针对不同类型的国有企业适用不同的立法模式。鉴于公共性国有企业的特殊性,有必要实现公共性国有企业的专门立法。而仅仅是公司制的组织形式上的改革是不够的,最终还是要通过强化企业监督,建立有效的激励与约束机制,才能在实质上实现公共性国有企业的功能与价值。