Transmissions of real economic shocks across the Pacific Rim economies

We use Asian International Input–Output Tables 1995 in measuring trade dependencies of 10 Pacific Rim economies within a regional general equilibrium model. We develop two sets of metrics in measuring the trade dependencies of the economies. First, we use final demand elasticity of exports in measuring the sensitivities of the economies in the model to autonomous changes in the final demand in any other economy in the region. Second, we use a final-demand-weighted index of export elasticities that are induced by variations in the final demand vector of any economy in the model as indicators of the strength of the shocks transmitted across countries.The estimated coefficients have important policy implications. First, these coefficients identify the most vulnerable sectors of the economies in terms of the export/import dependency. Second, these coefficients may be readily used in bilateral and regional trade negotiations. Using these coefficients, policy makers can provide mutual trade concessions in dampening the effects of real and financial shocks transmitted from the trading partners.     

出口隐含碳排放的产业分布及优化对策研究

文章依据非竞争型投入产出表,在剔除进口中间投入所节省的能耗和碳排放的基础上,对2002-2011年各产业出口隐含的CO2排放量重新进行了测算。结果表明,我国出口隐含的国内碳排放量比同类文献的测算结果要低;而且,某些碳排放强度高的产业其出口隐含碳排放的占比并不高,相反,某些碳排放强度低的产业其出口隐含碳排放的占比却较高。这种反差主要是由于不同产业的出口规模不同造成的。因此,要减少出口隐含的碳排放量,不仅要鼓励节能和清洁技术的研发,降低各产业的能耗强度和碳排放强度,还应逐步压缩高耗能、高排放产业的产能和出口规模,不断优化出口结构。     

中国制造业出口如何突破“天花板约束”

在全球价值链分工条件下,出口存在着名义增长和真实增长两种情形。面临国内外环境深刻变化,当前中国制造业名义出口面临“天花板约束”,而破除约束的路径之一就是依托制造业服务化提升制造业出口国内增加值,实现真实出口增长。本文利用WIOD数据库,在整体和细分层面上测算了包括中国在内的44个样本经济体2000-2014年制造业出口内含服务增加值。研究发现,无论是整体还是细分行业层面,以出口内含服务增加值为表征的制造业服务化有深入发展趋势,但中国在样本经济体中排名较为靠后。进一步的相关性分析表明,制造业出口国内增加值率与制造业出口内含国内服务增加值呈显著正相关,而与内含国外服务增加值呈显著负相关。因此,破除出口“天花板约束”,依托制造业服务化对于中国制造而言具有广阔空间和余地,也是可行的路径之一,但需要区分制造业出口内含的服务增加值来源结构。即通过大力发展国内服务业尤其是现代生产性服务业,以弱化制造业发展对国外服务业的依赖,对确保上述路径可行具有极为重要的战略意义。     

改革开放以来我国历次出口下降的原因及影响分析

 本文基于国民收入核算恒等式,分析了上世纪80年代以来我国历次出口下降,证实出口作用于经济的内在机理是复杂的,出口下降对经济增长的影响与下降的原因、下降的程度和内需走向等因素有关,并不一定都对经济增长造成严重伤害。研究还指出在分析出口下降对经济影响时需注意的三个问题,并提出了应对出口下降的政策建议。     

正确认识出口贸易对中国经济增长的贡献

  出口贸易自改革开放以来在中国经济的发展中一直扮演着重要角色,出口贸易对中国经济发展的影响究竟有多大是本文关注的主要议题。本文在原始竞争型投入产出表、只分离出进口的非竞争型投入产出表以及同时分离出进口及加工贸易的非竞争型投入产出表的基础上建立了测算三大需求因素对GDP形成与增长的三类投入产出表模型,并通过2007年中国投入产出表进行了测算。研究表明,如果采用竞争型投入产出表及其投入产出模型,仍不能较准确地测算消费、投资与出口对GDP形成与增长的贡献;分离出进口产品的非竞争型投入产出表给出了一个较好的分析框架,但由于未区分加工贸易和普通贸易,出口贡献存在高估现象;而采用区分加工贸易和普通贸易的非竞争投入产出模型,能够较客观地反映国内产品出口与加工贸易出口对GDP形成与增长的实际贡献。     

出口贸易对我国技术创新的影响效应研究

通过构建研发活动的投入产出函数,运用我国1986-2004年期间的省际Panel数据,实证检验了出口贸易对我国技术创新的影响效应。利用两个不同的估计模型,得出了相似的结论,结果表明,出口贸易通过技术溢出对地区的技术创新产生了积极的影响效应,推动了地区创新能力的提升。对东、中、西部地区的进一步分析表明,由于我国出口贸易在各地区发展不平衡,出口贸易对技术创新的影响效应存在地区性差异,呈现出东部最强、中部次之、西部较弱的格局。     

The geography of British exports: Country-level versus firm-level evidence

This study investigates the degree of regionalization of UK exporters. The firm-level findings, based on an original set of primary data of 356 UK exporters, are contrasted with the UK national trade flows as well as with the geographic spread of the UK, European and the world’s largest MNEs. The analysis produced consistent findings of regionalization regardless of the classification thresholds or sales matrices employed. The findings also imply that country-level data supports the firm-level findings of regionalization. While the analysis presents relatively strong corroborating evidence of regionalization of UK exports, it also indicates that UK exporters might be more multi-regional and global oriented than previously thought.     

Who Wants to be a Millionaire? The politics of television exports

Globalization developments are presenting television programme-makers with the possibility of expanding programme sales on the international market. This article focuses on the various initiatives of the UK government to support an export-led strategy, and evaluates the consequences of such a strategy on domestic programming. Highlighting the current trend towards the sale of programme formats, the article further considers whether the increased circulation of television programmes around the world points to a model of interconnectedness and heterogeneity or whether it reinforces unequal patterns of media flows. Drawing on interviews with government advisers and regulators, the article concludes that the promotion of an export-led strategy is economically and culturally flawed and is linked to the UK government's strategy to liberalize trade in services rather than a commitment to increase cultural diversity.     

Does export concentration matter in economic adjustment programs? Evidence from the euro-area

The recent crisis in some euro area countries is intensively fueling the political and economic policy debate about the effectiveness of the applied adjustment programs. This paper aims to contribute to explaining why the results of these programs could be different across countries, flagging the crucial role of exports. In view of recent economic literature about substitution between domestic and foreign sales, helping exports when domestic demand is adjusting, this paper uses panel data techniques to assess the role of the export structure in explaining this substitution effect in the euro area countries. Building a novel indicator for product concentration, the results suggest that domestic demand developments are more relevant to explaining exports in countries with a lower product concentration index (that is, more diversified exports). This contributes to explain why euro area countries under stress registered different economic performance, in particular the clearly less favorable behavior of Greece, where exports structure is concentrated more strongly in some goods and services than in other euro area countries. With different export behavior the final evaluation of the Greek adjustment would be certainly different. These results suggest that export structure should be taken into consideration when designing or evaluating this type of adjustment programs.     

Australia saved from the financial crisis by policy or by exports?

There is general agreement that Australia weathered the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) better than many other advanced countries. There is less agreement as to why. In popular discussion, fiscal policy and continued strong export demand have been championed, with less support for monetary policy. But there is little formal empirical work which disentangles the relative contributions of these three factors. It is the purpose of this paper to make a start in this direction. It does so within the framework of a small vector-autoregressive model. The main finding is that the three factors together actually exacerbated the effects of the GFC on average over the 2009–2011 period, with most of the blame falling on fiscal policy. This seemingly anomalous finding is further explored and explained by households’ response to cash hand-outs which were saved and not spent; indeed, it is conjectured that they took cash hand-outs and government predictions of doom as indicators that bad times were ahead and saved rather than spent in response.