CELEBRATING HETEROGENEITY?: A survey of female ICT professionals in England

This paper introduces key findings from a large-scale, online survey of women in the ICT industry across England undertaken between October 2004 and October 2005. Placed in a theoretical framework which draws on critical perspectives from within information systems (IS), and the sociology of gender and of technology, the authors examine some of the issues faced by female ICT professionals. The context for this paper is the ongoing under-representation of women in the ICT industry in England, and the difficulties that the industry is having retaining women, particularly at senior levels. Data are presented on the demographic composition of women in the ICT industry in England. In addition the authors focus on their management of domestic and caring responsibilities, including changes in working practices they have experienced as a result of these responsibilities. These data are particularly pertinent given current government and industry debates regarding the 'work-life balance' and 'flexible working' in the ICT industry, partially as a response to the need for a more diverse ICT workforce. Alongside information on the career histories of female ICT professionals, the authors review their perceptions of pay and reward packages, working environments, the skills they hold, and the recognition they may or may not receive in their current posts. They present reports of a 'long-hours' and 'presenteeism' culture in the ICT industry, and the existence of gendered informal networks in ICT. They also examine female ICT professionals' perceptions of the current and future-possible image of the industry. The findings highlight the continued masculinization of ICT work, and some of the difficulties faced by women working in what remain statistically and symbolically male-dominated environments.     

The econometrics of female labor supply and children

This is a survey of applied econometric research on the effects of children on female labor supply. Reasons for interest in the topic, and a basic model and terminology, are reviewed. Concerns are raised about the possible endogeneity of child status variables, and about the instrumental variables approach for dealing with this problem. Alternative ways of conceptualizing and estimating child status effects are considered, together with selected empirical evidence. Relevant developments from the household demand literature are summarized. Basic issues of model choice are also discussed.     

女性生命本真的书写——论萧红小说的创作

萧红是一位体验型、情绪型的极富才华的现代女作家。她的一生颠沛流离、短促悲凉, 饱受离家出走的寂寞、孤独和痛苦。萧红的小说创作是她的悲剧人生的真实写照。她以自己悲剧 性的人生感受和独特的女性生命体验,观照她所熟悉的乡土社会的生命形态和生存境遇,揭露和 批判国民性弱点,抒写着人的悲剧、特别是女性的悲剧,从而使其小说获得一种浓烈而深沉的悲 剧意蕴和独特而丰厚的文化内涵。     

试论九十年代女作家物质性写作

进入九十年代以来,女性写作比以往任何阶段都显得更加色彩纷呈.九十年代的女作家已经不再是一些脆弱的自恋主义者或痛苦的理想主义者,她们的作品也呈现出更为强烈的个人化色彩.在真实的社会生活面前,她们已日益学会在现实的物质关系中重新叩问性别的意义.     

青少年情绪化行为的危害及其对教育的启示

青少年情绪体验强烈,当个体被情绪体验所感染时,易产生认识偏差,导致行为为情绪所控制的情绪化行为。情绪化行为易造成不良后果,给青少年成长和社会带来危害。营造良好的青少年成长氛围,树立正确的人生现,培养健全的人格,形成乐观豁达精神与自我管理能力,有利于其行为的合理化,从而使青少年以积极的生活态度面向生活。     

重估现代女作家的出现——以新文学期刊(1917-1925)中的女作者创作为视点

"五四"新文化运动中,进入学堂学习的女学生迅速成为了新文学杂志的重要作者,在女作家成长的过程中,新文学期刊及其主办者、编辑者的帮助和扶持起了十分重要的作用。女作者们借助现代出版的平台走向社会,走向读者,以集体的方式浮出历史地表,成为中国现代文学史上的第一代女作家。     

《说文解字》“女”部字及其文化内涵

《说文解字》是我国析字形、解字义、辨读音的文字学专著。本文在对284个《说文解字》中“女”部字及女性文化相关字进行全面考察的基础上,依据《说文解字》中“以类相从,以义相贯”的分类原则,建构“女”部字分类体系,将其分为姓名、称谓、婚嫁、女性价值评判标准、中性字五个类别;通过《说文解字》与《现代汉语词典》中“女”部字对比,研究“女”部字形义变化;探讨“女”部字中反映出的古代女性主流社会地位和古代婚姻制度。     

‘Democracy always comes first’: adolescents’ views on decision-making in everyday life and political democracy

Research shows adolescents to be positively oriented towards democracy, but little is known about what it actually means to them and what their views are on decision-making in both everyday situations and political democracy. To gain insight into these aspects of adolescents’ democratic views, we have interviewed 40 Dutch adolescents from second grade of different types of high school. Potential conflict between various democratic principles prevalent in everyday life situations was discussed and compared to how they view decision-making in political democracy. The results of our qualitative study showed that adolescents’ views on issues concerning collective decision-making in everyday situations are quite rich and reflect different models of democracy (majoritarian, consensual, and deliberative). Moreover, how adolescents deal with tensions between democratic principles in everyday life situations varies. While some adolescents combine several principles (for instance, majority rule as a last resort after trying to find broader consensus), other adolescents tend to strictly focus on only one of these principles. Adolescents’ views on political democracy, however, are rather limited and one-dimensional. Those adolescents who seemed to have a more explicit picture of political democracy often preferred a strict focus on majority rule, neglecting minority interests.     

Popularity Contagion Among Adolescents

This study aimed to support the theory of popularity contagion, which posits that popularity spreads among friends spontaneously and regardless of behavioral changes. Peer nominations of status and behavior were collected annually between 6th and 12th grades from a total of 1062 adolescents. Longitudinal hypotheses were mostly supported using path analyses, showing (1) that individual popularity could be predicted by friends’ popularity levels over time, even when controlling for stability of individual popularity; (2) that this prediction was not accounted for by behavioral contagion of aggressive or prosocial behaviors; and (3) that individual social preference generally could not be predicted by friends’ preference levels over time. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.