Transnational policy entrepreneurs and the cultivation of influence: individuals,organizations and their networks

ABSTRACT

The ‘policy entrepreneur’ concept arises from the Multiple Streams’ theory of agenda setting in Policy Studies. Through conceptual stretching’, the concept is extended to global policy dynamics. Unlike ‘advocacy networks’ and ‘norm entrepreneurs’, the discussion addresses the strategies of ‘insider’ or ‘near-governmental’ non-state actors. The analysis advances the policy entrepreneur concept in three directions. First, the discussion develops the transnational dimensions of this activity through a case study of International Crisis Group. Second, rather than focusing on charismatic individuals, the discussion emphasizes the importance of organizational resources and reputations for policy entrepreneurship and access into international policy communities. Organizations maintain momentum behind policy solutions and pressures for change over the long term when individuals retire or depart for other positions. Third, the discussion outlines four distinct entrepreneur strategies and techniques that both individuals and organizations cultivate and deploy to enhance their power and persuasion in global policy processes and politics.     

How does distance affect market entry mode choice? Evidence from French companies

The objective of this article is to examine the relevant dimensions of distance for foreign market entry mode choice. Based on a sample of 203 interfirm linkages formed by French multinationals with partners across the world, we analyze the impact of four dimensions of distance on the choice between cooperative alliances and mergers-acquisitions. The findings indicate that administrative and economic distance have a significant influence on market entry mode choice, whereas the impact of cultural and geographic distance is not significant. They further highlight the important role of the host country's government effectiveness for market entry mode decisions.     

20年代初苏俄在外蒙古问题上的对华政策

20世纪20年代初期中苏建交谈判期间,苏俄从其自身国家安全利益出发,采取强行出兵外蒙追剿白匪和坚持长期驻军库伦的作法,来占有当时主权属于中国的外蒙古地区,在外蒙古问题上对华采取了大国沙文主义和民族利己主义政策.     

战后美国对外援助政策的历史考察

〕关于美国对外援助 ,学者在论述时 ,往往侧重于得出结论性的评价 ,如把美国的对外援助与人权外交结合起来 ,认为美国对外援助尤其是经济援助是推行人权外交的工具 ,体现了美国的霸权主义 ;也有一些学者认为 ,美国提出对外经济援助计划的主要目的是为了维护美国的经济、政治利益 ,它与人权外交的关系不大。美国对外援助政策的提出 ,是美国外交政策的重大突破 ,自此美国人的视野更加开阔 ,对外援助政策是实现美国世界霸权的工具 ,无论何时美国的对外援助政策都是为了维护美国国内经济的持续繁荣 ,国内政策的制定一直是美国政府的中心工作     

外商直接投资对我国三大都市圈技术外溢效应的比较研究

本文对外商直接投资在我国三大都市圈的技术外溢效应进行了比较研究,结果表明,外商直接投资在整体上对三大都市圈的技术外溢效应显著,但不同地区之间存在着明显的差别。三大都市圈应在不断加强对外商直接投资技术外溢的消化吸收能力的同时,注重提升本土的自主创新能力。     

How culture influences foreign trade: evidence from the U.S. and China

Using a gravity model of trade and the U.S. and Chinese panel data, I present evidence that supports the views that linguistic links have become more important in foreign trade than geographical proximity and that linguistic influence on trade is more significant in China than in the U.S. The estimated result based on a broad panel of economies shows little overall relation between religious similarity and foreign trade in both the U.S. and China. But there is an indication that the religious dissimilarity tends to retard foreign trade with poor countries and regions and to encourage foreign trade with richer places. I also found that, although religious retardation on foreign trade is more significant in China than in the U.S., religious dissimilarity tends to retard the US export more than that of China; by contrast, it tends to retard the Chinese import more than that of the U.S. At last, the socio-economic implications of the estimated results are discussed.     

美国对外贸易政策的历史考察

自北美独立战争结束以来,美国的对外贸易政策大致经历了五个阶段.其中保护主义始终贯穿于美国的对外贸易政策之中.虽然自由贸易有时偶占上风,但这种所谓的自由贸易是有条件的、相对的,是美国打着"互惠、公平、非歧视"的幌子,欲抢占别国市场.为了实现大资产阶级利益的最大化,美国总是将贸易保护政策奉为圭臬,这一政策才是无条件的、绝对的.     

列宁晚年经济发展动力思想的利益转向

20世纪20年代初,苏维埃俄国在国内战争结束后,进入恢复建设时期,但经济发展却面临着严重的主体动力危机,其重要原因在于“战时共产主义”政策缺乏对劳动群众的利益关怀。对危机的反思使列宁领导下的布尔什维克党实现了经济发展动力问题上的利益转向,实行了新经济政策,从而通过以人民群众利益为中心、以利益的驱动和引导为特征的经济发展动力机制和与之相适应的体制措施,使苏俄经济得到了恢复和发展。     

论18世纪后期英国对中国西藏的渗透政策及其破产

在18世纪后期,英国受当时社会历史条件的限制,对我国西藏实行以建立直接交往关系为主的渗透政策。由于喜玛拉雅地区各国在历史上同我国西藏形成的密切关系及其在地缘政治上的屏障作用,英国在这一地区的扩张活动同它建立印藏直接交往的尝试一样,都是其对藏渗透政策的组成部分。英国在廓尔喀侵藏战争中的卑劣表演最终导致了其对藏渗透政策的彻底破产。     

民国初年教育宗旨的理论基础

文章对蔡元培的教育方针思想作了回溯性的审视和评析 ,并给其以民初教育宗旨理论基础的准确复位 ,揭示了其与民初教育宗旨之间的内在联系 ,从而为民国教育宗旨的研究提供了一个新的视界