Development and validation of a Citizenship Attributional Style Questionnaire

Attribution theory remains popular in the social sciences and often informs education studies. However, attributional style questionnaires tend to reflect the context-dependent character of the theory and existing measures have been found to have poor psychometric properties. Clearly, both issues need to be carefully considered by researchers prior to them applying any scales that incorporate attributional dimensions. Here we report on the development of a reliable and valid measure that applies an attributional style within the context of citizenship. Two separate studies were conducted to inform the development of the Citizenship Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ). The factor loadings of eight positive and eight negative events for the internality and stability dimensions were found to range between .41 and .75. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability of positive and negative events were found to be .79 and .74, respectively. While CASQ is seen to be a reliable and valid measure, the results also indicate broader psychometric properties than many of the instruments currently used in studies with an attributional approach.     

约翰·多恩散文中自我意识的内在性——以《生死边缘的沉思录》为例

本文探索了约翰.多恩晚期代表作《生死边缘的沉思录》中自我意识的内在性的几个方面。笔者认为,多恩的自我意识,充满人性与神性的交织。在危病的紧急时刻,其作为个体的人文学者的自我意识逐渐减弱,主要呈现出四个动态特点:被动性、自省性、他我性和超我性。同时,多恩自我意识的变化也与他的内在身份相关。这些不同的身份,在不同方面推进并提升了多恩自我意识的进展,使得《沉思录》超越了个体意义的生命经历,在更深邃更广大的层面为读者带来启迪。     

现象学彻底化与“知”的自明性

胡塞尔的现象学哲学是其独创的现象学方法的创新成果,但也受到了各种批评,米歇尔·亨利批评它是一种外在性哲学,没有现象性的彻底化。这表现在现象学中的现象与自我都是在一种外在的距离中被把握的,丧失了内在性。进一步的考查发现,胡塞尔现象学的外在性来自其意识结构的二元性和自我意识的反思化;此二者又源自觉知（＂知＂）的关系模式。然而,研究表明,＂知＂（觉知）并不是关系范畴,其意义是＂明＂,也即是现象的＂自显示＂。由此可反回现象和自我的内在性。     

Elders' attitudes toward extending the healthy life span

Despite continuing debate between anti-aging researchers seeking major life span extension and concerned gerontologists and bioethicists, elders' views have received little research attention. Study aimed to relate elders' attitudes toward strong life span extension to psychosocial and background factors. Participants were 109 American elders (65% women) aged 60-99 (M = 77.08, SD = 9.05). Measures included attitudes toward living long and living forever, Desired Age, Death Acceptance, Goal Seeking, Internality, and background variables (age, gender, marital status, education, religion, health). Attitudes were more positive toward an extended life span than living forever (p < .01). In regression analyses, more positive attitudes were related to greater Desired Age, less Death Acceptance, greater Goal Seeking, and greater Internality, and to lower age and non-Christian religious affiliation. Qualitative analyses explored goals for various periods of additional life. Elders' positive attitudes toward extended life need consideration by experts debating this issue.