Changes in work and care trajectories during the transition to motherhood

In most mid- and high-income countries, there have been significant demographic, structural, and cultural changes in the past decades. However, we know little about how these changes have shaped women's work patterns during a key life stage: the transition to motherhood. Using longitudinal data from Chile, covering over 30 years of employment histories and three periods of first births (1980–2010), I conduct sequence analysis to identify women's work-care trajectories during an eight-year period of the transition to motherhood. Over time, I find that continuous care work at home has declined, for which education plays a key role, while the chances of working continuously have not changed over time. Instead, I find an increasing trend of unsteady paths that combine paid work with either caretaking or unemployment. I discuss how these changes, as well as their association with education, have important implications for both gender and social inequality.     

天人合一——《诗经》兴象的构建平台

在中国文学批评史上“兴”是一个非常重要的概念,它的产生与中国古代的天人合一思想密切相关。“兴”的寓意是“托事于物”,这与上古先民师法自然的思想信仰显然是一脉相承的。     

回到架上——兼论绘画与其他视觉传媒的相互转译

就当下艺术现状,尤其是架上艺术危机的分析,展开对绘画思想性的深刻思索,并通过对绘画与现代视觉传播媒介相互转译实验探讨,求取两者的不同所在,进而反映笔者对艺术现状的感知焦虑,以期在艺术的纯粹思维与纯粹摹写之间划定一个合理的空间,亦即确立纯艺术领域,用以对抗艺术消亡论观点.     

试论模拟与北朝文学的南方化

北朝文学的发展,是通过模拟南朝文学,以北朝文学南方化的方式实现的。大致说来,这一过程可分三个阶段:第一阶段从北魏初到孝文帝迁都以前,是北朝文学在模拟中复苏的阶段;第二阶段,从孝文帝迁都到东、西魏分裂时期,是北朝文学全面模拟南方文学的阶段;第三阶段是东、西魏分裂时期到隋统一北方时期,是北朝文学与南方文学走向全面融合的阶段。北朝文学与南方文学经历了一个相对疏离到最终融合的过程。     

西部高校怎样更好实现计算机与物理实验的整合

随着计算机的飞速发展,学校里出现了越来越多的多媒体教室;CAI计算机辅助教学、虚拟实验教学等各种软件更是蓬勃发展起来;很多教育工作者提出物理实验中计算机仿真教学、物理实验中应用计算机辅助教学等各种措施.作为西部高校,我们应该根据自身资金有限、学生基础比较薄弱等特点,更好的实现计算机与物理实验的整合.     

浅谈临摹和写生在山水画教学中的运用

一位优秀的山水画家 ,必须在懂得古人之理法的同时 ,还应懂得自然之理法。在山水画教学中 ,掌握古人之理法要经由临摹的途径 ,而掌握自然之理法要通过写生的途径。临摹和写生既是山水画教学的基本方法和内容 ,也是一位山水画家培养艺术创造精神的基础和前提     

英汉思维模式差异－中国式英语形成的根本原因

中国式英语是英语教学过程中经常遇到的问题,它的大量出现直接影响了英语教学质量。中国式英语的形成有诸多方面的原因,而英汉思维模式的差异则是根本的原因。为了杜绝或减少中国式英语的产生,应采取开设西方文化课,多模仿等多种措施。     

论“学报体”及其改良

"学报体"指发表在我国社科学术期刊上的文章所体现出的某些共性,既涉及题材内容,又涉及风格气象。我国社科期刊自创立至今,事实上存在着作为"正体"的和作为"伪体"的两种"学报体"文章,前者应得到护持,后者应受到贬斥。"正体"文章之长的主要体现是:分学科门类表述高深问题研究新得;举充分依据细密论证大小论点;以人文关怀给力社会发展;有较多行文规范服务内容表达。"伪体"文章之弊主要表现为:形式完备而内容贫瘠;"八股化"程度严重;缺少淑世情怀。当今"学报体"文章的改良,应先从三个方面做起:变文章评价由"重量轻质"为"重质轻量";变文章体式由"一体独大"为"众体并茂";变文章语言由"重质轻文"为"质文双重"。     

Dealing with context in logic model development: Reflections from a realist evaluation of a community health worker programme in Nigeria

Logic models (LMs) have been used in programme evaluation for over four decades. Current debate questions the ability of logic modelling techniques to incorporate contextual factors into logic models. We share experience of developing a logic model within an ongoing realist evaluation which assesses the extent to which, and under what circumstances a community health workers (CHW) programme promotes access to maternity services in Nigeria. The article contributes to logic modelling debate by: i) reflecting on how other scholars captured context during LM development in theory-driven evaluations; and ii) explaining how we explored context during logic model development for realist evaluation of the CHW programme in Nigeria. Data collection methods that informed our logic model development included documents review, email discussions and teleconferences with programme stakeholders and a technical workshop with researchers to clarify programme goals and untangle relationships among programme elements. One of the most important findings is that, rather than being an end in itself, logic model development is an essential step for identifying initial hypotheses for tentative relevant contexts, mechanisms and outcomes (CMOs) and CMO configurations of how programmes produce change. The logic model also informed development of a methodology handbook that is guiding verification and consolidation of underlying programme theories.     

Mothers' work patterns and Children's cognitive achievement: Evidence from the India Human Development survey

As female labor force participation increases globally, the relationship between maternal employment and children's development remains unclear. Using data from the India Human Development Survey (2005), we investigate the link between maternal employment and children's arithmetic and reading achievement. We develop a work pattern typology that goes beyond standard measures of employment and captures work intensity and its compatibility with child-rearing in a transitional economy. We find that the relationship between maternal employment and children's outcomes is not unidimensional. For example, children of self-employed mothers are not disadvantaged compared to those with stay-at-home mothers, but maternal employment in salaried jobs or wage work outside the home is negatively associated with cognitive skills in children. However, this negative association is reversed at higher levels of maternal education, suggesting greater access to resources and flexibility associated with better jobs mitigate the negative aspects of maternal employment posed by time constraints. Additionally, maternal employment is associated with maternal involvement in schoolwork and financial investment in academic activities, providing evidence that both time and resources devoted to children's education are significant.