FDI、要素成本与东道国产业发展

论题拓展了James R Markusen（1997）的基本模型，重点纳入外商直接投资进入东道国对其要素市场的影响，分析了FDI与东道国产业的关联效应以及在要素市场的竞争效应对东道国产业发展的影响。外商直接投资将通过关联效应和要素市场的竞争对东道国产业发展产生一个动态二阶段影响过程：在初始阶段外商直接投资的进入将引导东道国发展最终消费品产业，从而促进产业结构变动；但在东道国产业发展到一定阶段后外商直接投资与东道国产业在要素市场的竞争加剧将阻碍东道国产业发展。     

西方跨国公司跨文化服务营销的经验及其借鉴

在竞争激烈的现代市场中,服务逐渐成为最能创造价值的营销利器,日益成为市场营销的核心。本文通过介绍一些西方跨国公司跨文化服务营销的成功案例,分析其在营销过程中所运用的策略,总结出其取得成功的经验,同时提出我国跨国公司在跨文化服务营销过程中应借鉴西方的成功经验,与企业自身特点相结合,制定适合自己的跨文化服务营销策略。     

跨国公司的技术控制与我国的自主创新战略

外商投资企业与其在华建立研发机构的巨大悬殊性,及其在华研发机构控股化、独资化运作模式决定了外资企业研发机构不可能成为我国科技发展的有力助手。其对华实施的“研发链分工”和“技术标准”战略,决定了我国必须走自主创新之路。为此,政府应该积极转变角色,并充分发挥采购制度对技术创新的促进作用,努力创造一个鼓励创新的良好环境。而企业也应该抛弃照搬他人技术的行为,积极引导员工加强内部管理,开展创新活动,形成自己的创新性技术。     

Subsidiary embeddedness as a determinant of divisional headquarters involvement in innovation transfer processes

This paper conceptualizes divisional headquarters as an important hub-firm within the MNE, orchestrating innovation transfer processes between subsidiaries. It is argued that the internal and external embeddedness of a subsidiary hosting an innovation development project subsequently influences divisional headquarters involvement in the transfer of that innovation. In this way, embeddedness, i.e., the relationships that firms have with each other in the innovation development phase, is brought to the fore as an important factor for MNE subsidiaries hosting innovation development projects for explaining the involvement of divisional headquarters in a subsequent transfer. This highlights divisional headquarters as an active orchestrator of innovation transfers within the MNE. Data from 169 innovation transfer projects as well as 146 internal and 121 external embedded relationships at subsidiary level support the argument of embeddedness as a driver of divisional headquarters involvement in subsidiary innovation transfer projects. From a business network perspective, the findings highlight the role of internal and external embeddedness during innovation development in the subsequent involvement of divisional headquarters in the transfer phase. Embeddedness is not only important for subsidiaries in the innovation development phase but also for divisional headquarters involvement in, and orchestration of, innovation transfer.     

Regional economic stress as moderator of liability of foreignness

In this paper we develop optimized localization strategies for multinational firms to overcome their liability of foreignness by adding a regional dimension within a country. We explore conceptually whether economic stress in a region has a mitigating or reinforcing effect. We test this analytical framework empirically on the highly internationalized German car market and find that intra-national regions under economic stress are more promising markets for foreign car manufacturers as the effects of liability of foreignness are significantly lower there.     

How does BREXIT affect production patterns of multinational enterprises?

This paper explores how the British exit from the European Union (EU) potentially affects the United Kingdom (UK) economy and the production patterns of multinational enterprises that choose the UK as either a destination market or a gateway to the EU market. Utilizing an extended version of the knowledge-capital model, which includes six types of firms and four countries grouped into market and non-market, simulation analysis reveals that efforts to enhance attractiveness of the UK as a destination market to increase horizontal-type inward foreign direct investment would be a solution to cover losses from reduction in the number of export-platforms.     

林乐知和《万国公报》对中国近代教育的影响

在中国近代教育的萌生阶段,外国传教士起了较大的启蒙作用。美国传教士林乐知在中国先后举办过中西学院和中西女塾,并创办了《万国公报》。在办学和办报的活动中,他宣传自然科学和社会科学知识,宣传创办近代教育事业的意义,主张选派留学生,建议设立符合中国实际的教育体制。林乐知在华的教育活动对中国近代教育产生了较大的影响。     

Does innovation lead to global orientation? Empirical evidence from a sample of Italian firms

This paper analyses the relationship between innovation at firm and industry level, and the global vs regional strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Based on data from a sample of large Italian manufacturing firms, the analysis shows that technological assets affect a firm’s ability to overcome the liability of (regional) foreignness: the extent to which MNEs can exploit their firm-specific technological advantages is greater within their home region, but they also exploit them outside it. Furthermore, the results show that a firm’s foreign (outside the home country) and global sales (outside the home region) are higher, the greater the technology intensity of the industry in which they operate. These findings suggest that, although MNEs tend to operate regionally rather than globally, their strategic orientation is contingent upon firm- and industry-specific factors. Managers need to take the potential for globally exploiting R&D investments into account, even if it may not be equally successful within and outside the home region, and may be constrained by a number of inter-regional barriers.     

Does globalization benefit developing countries? Effects of FDI on local wages

Two different reactions to globalization (either supporting or opposing globalization) are observed throughout the world. Focusing on the effects on the labor market, we examine whether foreign direct investment benefits workers employed by local establishments in a host developing country. The analysis shows that they received wages above the market-based wage that would otherwise prevail in the absence of foreign establishments. Although concerns exist that growing multinational business might have negative impacts on local workers, this paper suggests that those fears might be unwarranted.