Transformer in navigation: Diverse government roles for open innovation in China's high-speed rail

Based on a longitudinal case study of China's high-speed rail embedded in the emerging economy context, we focus on what role the government plays and how that matters to open innovation (OI) for competitive advantage. By linking the OI literature with the national political institutions literature to motivate our research question, we propose a statist-based OI view to differentiate diverse government roles, investigating how government adopts roles in a combined way to push OI in stages. Our findings suggest that government is an important strategic decision-maker for OI. Specifically, the government plays various roles as commander, protector, cultivator, and intermediator, reflecting state activism derived from national political institutions, to construct institutional-level OI for domestic OI activities, and inbound and outbound OI across national borders. We find government can deliberately and strategically use its diverse roles in a combined way to push OI for competitive advantage through the industrial evolutionary process over time. Our study contributes to the OI literature and integrates the strategic management literature with the study of OI to provide new insights to explain the origins of competitive advantage from the state perspective.     

Childbearing and Marriage: Investigating the Importance of Context for Meaning-Making of First-Time Marriage

Previous research reveals that the temporal ordering of childbearing and marriage can have an impact on the meaning of first-time marriage. This article aims to obtain a deeper understanding of meaning-making of first-time marriage in relation to childbearing. Narrative interviews with 16 brides and grooms in 8 couples in Sweden were conducted. The material was analyzed in relation to the temporal ordering of childbearing and marriage. The study reveals that the construction of meaning of marriage does not only relate to the temporal context. Social factors such as social class or family formation might also be relevant for how meaning is constructed. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of meaning-making as a relational process constructed within particular contexts.     

The African Evaluation Guidelines: 2002. A checklist to assist in planning evaluations, negotiating clear contracts, reviewing progress and ensuring adequate completion of an evaluation

A review of the US ‘program evaluation standards’ (PES), undertaken in a series of workshops and meetings of networks of evaluators in Africa, resulted in modifications to those standards. The result was presented to a plenary session of the Inaugural Conference of the African Evaluation Association in September 1999, attended by over 300 evaluators from 35 countries. The AfrEA Conference decided that a systematic effort should be made to produce a list of African evaluation guidelines, similar to the PES, and that this checklist should be reviewed by national evaluation associations and networks in Africa and field tested in several countries. Ten national and regional networks and associations suggested modifications to the text and endorsed the final version of the guidelines.     

英语中形式与意义不一致的语用研究

英语与其他语种一样存在着形式与意义不一致的语用问题 ,主要有四种表现形式 :陈述句起疑问句、祈使句作用 ;疑问句起着陈述句、祈使句作用 ;肯定形式表示否定意义 ;否定形式表示肯定意义。由于说话者的目的不同 ,选择的表达方式就不同 ,其语用意义也随之变化。     

界定语言的逻辑理路

迄今,还没有一门科学像语言学这样不能提供研究对象的结论性定义。语言有三个本质属性,即社会事实、心理表征及声音和意义结合的符号系统,只有对语言进行三维观照,才有可能本真地推导出语言这一语言学对象所特有的、本质的属性     

论礼貌在交际中的识解

礼貌是一个非常复杂的问题,它的识解需要语言内、外的知识。礼貌既要通过语言知识如语调,字、词和句来识解,又要借助人的常识和对语境中的认知能力。礼貌是即时即景的,说话人与受话人的个人经历、文化背景和合作对礼貌起了很大的作用。情景及其它非语言因素也起了不可忽视的作用,通过语言体现的礼貌因人因情景因文化而异。     

委婉表达现象的认知语用特征

委婉表达现象的认知语用特征,如果从语用规约、隐喻思维和认知语境几个方面来看,其实质就是人们利用纯语言符号和认知机制合力的心理认知过程;委婉表达现象与语用规约、隐喻、认知语境等密不可分。     

言内语境--言外语境--现代西方名称指称语境观的嬗变

现代西方语言哲学家、逻辑学家在名称指称语境观方面呈现出由言内语境向言外语境转化的特征.形式语言学派大都从语言与实在同构的观念出发,在语言内部探究语词的指称方式.日常语言学派认为,指称是一种人们使用日常语言的实践活动,只有在变化多样的语言实践活动这样一个大语言背景下才能合理解释名称所指及其确定问题.指称语境观的这一重大转变标志着人们对名称指称理论的研究走向更加成熟、更加科学的阶段.     

人文语境与《红楼梦》的翻译

文章从人文语境的典籍文化、民俗文化、礼俗文化和审美文化四个方面阐述翻译中语用意图的实现过程 ,以探讨语境对文学翻译的重要作用 ,并力图找到移植原作隐含意义的最佳切入点     

梯玛“求子”仪式中的符号化空间——以剪纸“天门”为中心

梯玛仪式“玩菩萨”中的剪纸、绘画使用了大量的形象性符号,包括剪纸天门、天梯、天钱、纸人纸伞、穿衣儿粑粑、神案等,考察其在堂中各自的位置、数量、用色及形式,从艺术形态学和美术人类学的角度出发,结合梯玛自己的解释和在仪式中的具体作用,同时与其他民族民间同类剪纸做比较,对“玩菩萨”仪式中的图像符号做深入的分析。并以“求子”一节为例,分析符号组成空间,符号在特定的空间情境中产生意义,阐明民间神圣符号在组成仪式空间情境中的作用,研究剪纸、绘画等符号在空间情境中意义的转换,体现出民间艺术、民间思维中象征性的特点。