加拿大多元文化主义的缘起——以魁北克独特性的变迁和民族主义高涨为中心的考察

加拿大是一个多民族和多文化国家。多元文化形成过程既造就了加拿大文化丰富的多样性未来,同时也产生了不同文化间的矛盾和冲突。20世纪60年代,随着魁北克独特性的消失和民族主义的高涨,魁北克走上了脱离联邦的道路。为维护民族间的和谐与国家的统一,加拿大政府宣布实施多元文化主义政策。     

分离或共存——加拿大法裔少数民族心理对魁北克分离主义的影响

加拿大法裔少数民族心理是在18世纪中期至19世纪中期加拿大的历史演进、政治变革和社会变迁中形成的,它具有被异族征服的屈辱和对其统治的敌对、文化生存的焦虑、社会经济地位导致的自卑和弱势的敏感等特征。这种心理一经形成,便对魁北克分离主义产生了不容忽视的影响,至今加拿大法裔少数民族的卑弱心理定势仍对分离主义起着间接的支撑作用。要破解少数民族分离主义的难题,不能不对其心理因素有充分的认识。     

Nationalist Idealisation and the State

Walker Connor has argued that the conflation of nation and state leads to muddled thinking about both concepts. While his advisory is well-taken, the decoupling of nation and state can be taken too far, for nation and state are intimately conjoined in the modern era. There are important ideational constructs embedded in the practices and principles of modern state governance that condition the ideology of state-oriented nationalists. This idealisation of community is less marked among nationalist activists whose concerns are primarily cultural rather than political. The differences are illustrated through the words and actions of individuals and organisations involved in the nationalist movements of Quebec and Brittany.     

加拿大法裔少数民族心理形成的阶段性特征——以魁北克分离主义为视角

加拿大法裔少数民族心理是在十八世纪中期至十九世纪中期加拿大的历史演进、政治变革和社会变迁中形成的,它具有被异族征服的屈辱和对其统治的敌对、文化生存的焦虑、社会经济地位导致的自卑和弱势的敏感等特征。20世纪60年代得到矫枉过正的自我修复,进入90年代,法裔民族心态渐趋平和,但是少数心理仍十分敏感,弱势心理定势没有得到克服。这种心理成为魁北克分离主义至今不息的心理基础。     

Being a Foster-to-Adopt Parent: Experiences of (Un)certainty and Their Influence on the Sense of Being the Parent

The Mixed-Bank Program (Quebec, Canada) is based on concurrent planning principles. While the primary goal of this placement is reunification of the child with their birth parents, the low probability of this happening calls for simultaneously planning for an alternative solution, such as adoption. As a result, foster-to-adopt families have to deal with the uncertainty of the adoptability of the child and having no legal status nor control over the situation. In a qualitative study focusing on understanding how foster families from the Mixed-Bank Program develop the sense of being the parent of the child they care for, 25 semi-structured interviews with foster parents from 20 different families were conducted. As part of grounded theory methodology, a typology of profiles according to the level of uncertainty was constructed: (1) experience of certainty, (2) experience of momentary uncertainty, and (3) chronic uncertainty. This article presents these profiles and discusses the following challenges: the willingness to settle for permanence without adoption in all profiles, the link between the level of uncertainty and the assiduity of birth parents to supervised visits with the child, and the lack of power and control over the fulfillment of the goal of having or completing a family.     

论魁北克民族分离运动对加拿大政治整合的影响

受第三次民族主义浪潮影响,魁北克于1980年和1995年举行的全民公投虽未导致加拿大国家分裂,但其政治诉求优先于经济诉求、族群认同优先于族际认同和国家认同的导向对加拿大联邦造成了深刻影响：在国家整合方面,使分离运动合法化并激发了其它族群的分离意识;在族际整合方面,制造了族际不平等并扩大了族际矛盾。由此得到的启示是：国家整合需要国家一体导向的民族政策,族际整合需要民族平等导向的民族政策。     

The Quebec student protest movement in the age of neoliberal terror

Reflecting on the 2011–2012 youth-led resistance movements in North America, this essay contextualizes and evaluates the Quebec student movement against the increasing influence of neoliberalism on North American and global society as a whole, comparing its strategies and impacts with those of the Occupy movement in particular. The Quebec movement launched a series of protests that awakened society to the prospect of what struggling for a radical democracy might mean, and how crucial free, accessible higher education must be to such a struggle. The key challenge for these social movements will be to continue to develop and circulate their views in the public sphere through forms of political organization that are as coordinated as they are flexible and open to new ideas. Both the Occupy movement and the Quebec student resistance have ignited a new generation of young people who now face the ongoing challenge of developing a language and a politics that integrate a meaningful consideration of public values and imagine the possibilities of a democracy not wedded to the dictates of global capitalism. This emerging public culture should make pedagogy central to its understanding of politics and work diligently to provide alternative subjects, narratives and power relations that contribute to sustainable educational institutions and enlarged public spaces in which matters of knowledge, identity and social responsibility become central to creating a democratic formative culture – here understood as the very precondition for the modes of agency, public values and engaged citizenship required to support any just and inclusive society.     

IASWG Standards for Social Work Practice with Groups: The Case of Quebec Practices

The International Association for Social Work with Groups (IASWG) proposes Standards of social group work that are intended to act as minimum standards that can be applied internationally. The aim of this article is to examine group work practices in Quebec in the light of IASWG Standards. To address this question, secondary analysis of existing data from a study undertaken in Quebec is presented. Results indicate that group work practices in Quebec tend to be rather structured (e.g., selection criteria, norms). The discussion shows that the IASWG Standards are useful for critically examining Quebec practices but also provides information that could contribute to the improvement of these Standards.     

Activism Among Older Women in Quebec,Canada: Changing the World After Age 65

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to examine senior women's involvement experience in Quebec, Canada. Study results are based on a qualitative methodology, and shed light on family history and continuity in the involvement trajectory, diversity in terms of group type and involvement practices, and gender differences in involvement. The meaning that older women attribute to their involvement is also addressed, including attitudes toward feminism. The discussion highlights the extent to which older women's involvement has been marked by their life trajectories, above and beyond their age. In sum, their involvement in the private and public spheres is quite impressive.