爱与忠诚的象征——浅析小男孩曼诺林在《老人与海》中的作用

《老人与海》是美国著名小-／gg海明威晚年的一部经典作品,于1954年获诺贝尔文学奖。海明威用简练含蓄的语言,通过巧妙的细节描写,生动地刻画出了一位久经沧桑的老渔夫桑提亚哥这一形象。小男孩曼诺林虽然只在小说的开头和结尾出现,但老人在孤身奋战的几天里却无数次想起他,他对小说整体情节的影响至关重要。本文拟通过小男孩的言行分析他在小说中的作用。     

人与自然的“较量”——析《老人与海》的生态主题

跨入工业时代以来,人与大自然的关系就不再是和谐、平等,而升级为无限制的掠夺、仇恨,致使人类陷入全球性的生态危机。针对这一点,早在海明威1952年出版的《老人与海》中就以一个悲剧性的预言对人类的行为提出了警示。小说中处处都体现了作者对生态危机的高度关注,并且隐喻性地指出人类只有尊重自然,合理利用自然才能走出人类所面临的困境。本文试从新兴的生态文学批评角度分析作品中所体现的作者对人与自然界关系问题的思索。     

认知隐喻视角下《老人与海》中桑迪亚哥的思维风格

海明威的代表作《老人与海》反映了人生的意义在于斗争的主题。基于Elena Semino的认知文体学理论,以认知隐喻理论为切入点,对作品的主人公桑迪亚哥富有特色、反复使用的隐喻表达方式进行认知文体分析,以揭示桑迪亚哥独特的思维风格,引导读者构建和解读桑迪亚哥的意识世界,从而更好地把握桑迪亚哥的性格特征及其对人生的感悟,深刻理解作品的主题意义。     

从《老人与海》看海明威小说“硬汉”形象的塑造

海明威的小说<老人与海>的一个突出贡献就是塑造出临危不惧、不屈不挠与命运抗争的"硬汉子"形象,同时也向世人揭示了"一个人可以被毁灭,但是不能被打败"、只有精神上的胜利才是真正胜利的深刻哲理.海明威将现实生活的诗情画意与丰富深刻的人生哲理有机融合,从而创造出一个凸显人类尊严,在厄运.的重压下依然昂然挺立、宁折不弯的硬汉典型.他象征着一种高度哲理化的人类精神,一种永恒的超越时空的存在.     

Formulating waste management strategies based on waste management practices of households in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Rapid urbanisation, population growth and changes in lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries contribute to increasing the per capita domestic waste generation. This trend leads to deplorable environmental and public health conditions, especially in rapidly expanding cities of low- and middle-income countries lacking appropriate waste management systems, Santiago de Cuba is no exception. To improve solid waste management in the city of Santiago de Cuba, the generation of household waste was studied and individual waste treatment approaches were assessed. The principle of a household level analysis was adopted to enable the development of strategies based on the specific conditions of households, their awareness and needs.In February 2004, a survey covering 1180 households was conducted on issues such as monthly consumed goods, waste generated and its treatment. The waste generated by the households was subsequently assessed by means of a measuring campaign. The measured volume not only comprised the collected waste fraction but also the waste materials treated on-site or recovered and recycled by all the different means available.The paper contains the results of the composition and distribution of the waste generated by the households as a function of socio-demographic data. Furthermore, the paper describes the various household treatment strategies dependent on specific waste material types. Several types of household waste can be differentiated by statistical cluster analysis. These household types are characterised not only by the amount of waste generated but also by socio-economic status and waste treatment practices. The results obtained are used to develop a range of waste management strategies, each relating to a household type and characterised by its generated amount, waste material type and spatial urban distribution. Since the strategies are adapted to the requirements and needs of the households, they are more readily accepted by the population concerned. Such socially anchored strategies will contribute to improving the waste situation in the city of Santiago de Cuba and allow an optimised allocation of local resources.     

《老人与海》主题的微观再透视

海明威的传世佳作《老人与海》的主题意义深刻 ,主人公桑提亚哥的孤独与坚强以及他作为大写意义上的人早已为评论界所公认 ,但对采用何种语言手段收到此种效果却论及甚少。从文学文体学的角度 ,可见小说行文间是用了引语和人称的手段来塑造桑提亚哥这一孤独而坚强的大写意义上的人的典型性。     

工具理性的光芒背后——桑提亚戈与鲁滨逊形象的现代性批评

通过对桑提亚戈与鲁滨逊形象的现代性因素的对比,分析现代性思想从18世纪初发端到20世纪中期走向衰微的历程,指出了对工具理性的作用的盲目夸大是现代性思想的主要历史局限性,对现代性的乐观转向怀疑是历史必然。     

Nanny politics

This article examines the new migration of Peruvian domestic workers into Santiago, Chile, where laws protecting the labor rights of household workers have recently been strengthened. Through field observations and interviews, we found that employers were disgruntled with Chilean workers who had begun to assert demands. Many of them preferred Peruvian workers, not because the labor was cheaper, but because foreign workers were more compelled to perform a traditional deference and servility. We argue that the Peruvian migrants' relative disempowerment was the product not only of the economic inequality between states, but also the process of migration itself, as well as popular ideological discourses about development, race and gender that rationalized and perpetuated a transnational division of labor in the household. Ultimately, this study illustrates how the role of the ‘servile’ woman in the household persists when women are transnationally mobile, despite the growing empowerment of both professional and working-class Chilean women in the public sphere. The article concludes with recommendations for change to improve the conditions of both native-born and foreign domestic workers.     

从《老人与海》看海明威的生态意识

海明威的代表作《老人与海》自1952 年问世以来,一直受到国内外文学评论家的好评并引起了人们对它的深入研究。过去几十年人们大多把主人公圣地亚哥的硬汉形象、悲剧英雄作为研究重点。然而,这部小说是海明威冰山原理的代表作之一,其令读者思考和挖掘的思想是广袤无边的。本文拟从生态文学批评的角度,通过对圣地亚哥 的生动而形象的描述,探讨作者试图表达的生态意识。     

从《老人与海》看海明威小说“硬汉”形象的塑造

海明威的小说《老人与海》的一个突出贡献就是塑造出临危不惧、不屈不挠与命运抗争的“硬汉子”形象,同时也向世人揭示了“一个人可以被毁灭,但是不能被打败”、只有精神上的胜利才是真正胜利的深刻哲理。海明威将现实生活的诗情画意与丰富深刻的人生哲理有机融合,从而创造出一个凸显人类尊严,在厄运的重压下依然昂然挺立、宁折不弯的硬汉典型。他象征着一种高度哲理化的人类精神,一种永恒的超越时空的存在。