Generalized Reflexive Responding and Cross-Modal Tactile Transfer of Stimulus Function in Children with Autism

We sought to evaluate the efficacy of successive matching training for establishing generalized reflexive matching across 4 children with autism. In Experiment 1, differential reinforcement with delay fading was efficacious in establishing “yes” and “no” matching and nonmatching responses in 2 participants when 2 identical or nonidentical picture stimuli were presented. In addition, emergent visual–visual reflexive relational responses were observed using novel picture stimuli in a transfer test phase. In Experiment 2, differential reinforcement alone was efficacious in establishing matching and nonmatching responses in the other 2 participants when 2 identical or nonidentical objects were presented. Transfer to identical objects presented through touch (i.e., tactile discrimination) was additionally observed for both participants. Procedures in the study were adapted from the PEAK Relational Training System to aid in clinical replication, and the translational results have implications for language training with individuals with autism.     

Assessing Impact of Service-Learning Project on Older,Isolated Adults in Rural America

ABSTRACT

With help from a grant from the Corporation for National Service, service learning was infused into four classes of a graduate gerontology course, Aging Well. Thirty-one students were paired with 31 older adults for a period of up to twenty hours. The impact on the emotional and social wellness of the older adults was assessed through student journals, electronic e-mail reflection, and the administration of a survey to older adults. A quantitative assessment of the older adults was attempted using the Life Satisfaction in the Elderly Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Analysis indicated that the service provided to the older adult had a positive impact on their emotional and social wellness.     

王亥时期商族的婚姻形态

通过对古文献的考察 ,参之以民族学材料 ,可以得知王亥时期商族的婚姻形态处于对偶婚的居妇家制向一夫一妻制———父系外婚制的过渡阶段     

信任与激励:价值链成本治理机制的实验研究

本文采用试验研究方法,模拟价值链节点企业交易过程,研究了信任与激励两种价值链成本治理机制的治理效果以及它们之间的作用关系。试验结果显示,高度信任与基于价值链利益的激励机制均可以有效缓解或防范合作问题、协调问题和侵占问题,对价值链成本治理具有明显的治理效果。当价值链节点企业之间缺乏信任的时候,激励机制会失去效用;信任机制与激励机制之间具有显著的互补关系。     

Learning Skinner’s Verbal Operants: Comparing an Online Stimulus Equivalence Procedure to an Assigned Reading

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of an online stimulus equivalence procedure to that of an assigned reading when learning Skinner’s taxonomy of verbal behavior. Twenty-six graduate students participated via an online learning management system. One group was exposed to an online stimulus equivalence procedure (equivalence group) that was designed to teach relations among the names, antecedents, consequences, and examples of each elementary verbal operant. A comparison group (reading group) read a chapter from a popular textbook. Tests for the emergence of selection-based and topography-based intraverbal responses were then conducted, as were tests for generalization and maintenance. Overall, results suggest that the online equivalence procedure was not significantly more effective in promoting topography-based responses than the assigned reading. However, performance on selection-based tests was enhanced by the online equivalence procedure as was performance on topography-based tests when participants were required to provide operant names in response to consequences or examples. On average, the equivalence group performed at a level that was 10 percentage points (i.e., a full letter grade) above that of the reading group. The viability of the equivalence-based procedure is discussed in relation to the assigned reading.     

激励理论与高水平排球运动员

在介绍一般激励概念的基础上,论述了高水平排球运动员激励的概念与本质,激励与去激励的动态关系等理论问题。     

论重大突发公共卫生事件中的对口支援——以新冠肺炎疫情防控为考察对象

对口支援是一项独具中国特色的制度安排,在重大突发公共事件中有着突出的治理作用。新冠疫情作为重大突发公共卫生事件,党和国家在团结和带领全国各族人民全力以赴应对疫情的过程中,形成了以政府主导、企业协同、社会支撑为主要特征的对口支援主体。通过派遣医疗队、供应防疫物资等措施为打赢疫情防控阻击战奠定了雄厚的基础,通过建立科学合理的组织领导机制、人员选用机制和后勤保障机制等保障了对口支援的高效运行。在新冠疫情防控工作中,科学有效的对口支援不仅彰显了中国制度优势、体现了中国抗疫精神、增强了人民战疫信心,而且为世界防控新冠疫情提供了中国智慧和中国方案。     

有效的无证书签名方案

为了避免基于身份密码系统中的秘钥托管问题,同时不需要证书进行公钥的认证,出现了无证书密码系统。该文基于双线性对提出一个新的无证书签名方案。方案中签名算法简单的不需要任何对的计算,验证算法仅仅需要三个对的计算,并且不需要使用特殊的哈希函数。与已知所有的方案相比,所提的方案在计算代价上更加有效。     

Analyzing Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing Effects on Preferences for Speech Sounds

Several studies have demonstrated effects of stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) on children's vocalizations, but numerous treatment failures have also been reported. The present study attempted to isolate procedural variables related to failures of SSP to condition speech sounds as reinforcers. Three boys diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorders participated. Phase 1 was designed to assess SSP effects on production of auditory stimuli via button pressing. When SSP failed to produce a preference for the target stimulus, we instituted a series of procedural manipulations intended to address potential reasons for failure. One participant preferred the target stimulus when given the opportunity to select preferred items for pairing prior to each session, but a subsequent reversal attempt produced ambiguous results. Two participants showed no consistent preference in Phase 1 and underwent a within-session reinforcer evaluation in Phase 2, in which alternative controlling variables were demonstrated by delivering preferred stimuli contingent on button pressing.     

A Comparison of Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing,Standard Echoic Training,and Control Procedures on the Vocal Behavior of Children With Autism

An alternating treatments design was employed to compare the effect of stimulus-stimulus pairing, standard echoic training, and a control condition on the vocal behavior of 3 preschoolers with autism. Data were recorded during pre- and postsession observations. During the stimulus-stimulus pairing condition, the experimenter''s vocal model was paired with the delivery of a preferred item. During the standard echoic training condition, the experimenter presented a vocal model and delivered a preferred item contingent on an echoic response. During the control condition, the experimenter presented a vocal model and, after a 10-s delay, presented a preferred edible item. Results from the post-session observations during the stimulus-stimulus pairing condition showed an immediate but temporary increase in the target sound for 1 participant only. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.