Ethnic patterns in the phonetics of Montreal English

Most North American cities no longer display strong ethnic differentiation of speech within the European‐origin population. This is not true in the English‐speaking community of Montreal, Canada, where English is a minority language. Differences in the phonetic realization of vowels by Montrealers of Irish, Italian, and Jewish ethnic origin are investigated by means of acoustic analysis. A statistical analysis of ethnic differences in formant frequencies shows that ethnicity has a significant effect on several variables, particularly the phonetic position of /u:/ and /ou/ and the allophonic conditioning of /æ/ and /au/ before nasal consonants. The unusual tenacity of ethnophonetic variation in Montreal English is explained in light of the minority status of English, and the social and residential segregation of ethnic groups in distinct neighborhoods, which limits their exposure to speakers of Standard Canadian English who might otherwise serve as models for assimilation.     

浅析伊斯兰教的生态观

伊斯兰教认为人与自然界万物都是真主的造化物,两者地位是平等的,人类只是真主的"代治者".伊斯兰教在强调爱护自然、与自然界和谐相处的前提下,主张把握自然的本质和规律,通过对自然界进行合理的开发利用,为人类造福.同时,伊斯兰教也坚决反对狭隘的功利主义、反对只顾眼前利益而忽视人类的长远利益.这些主张均对增强环保意识、促进人类与自然的和谐发展、维护正常的生态环境具有极大的指导意义.     

论林业建设与贫困山区可持续发展

在广大乡村，特别是山区，林业对于乡村群众生活水平的提高和生活质量的改善起着重要作用。林业发展是山区经济发展的核心之一，是解决农村贫困问题的关键。针对贫困山区林业发展存在的问题，提出林业发展必须与山村经济发展要相互协调发展的途径。     

可持续发展观的内涵及其立法实践

“可持续发展观”的提出有着重要的国内和国际背景,反映了国内、国际社会的发展变化,是“三个代表”重要思想在新的历史时期的最新发展。科学发展观的核心原则“可持续发展原则”蕴涵着丰富的法理,突出表现在国内法、国际法尤其是国际环境法的立法实践中。     

可持续发展理论的经济学反思

由于可持续发展理论自身存在着一定的缺陷 ,使得这一理论在实践中实施效果不佳。在对可持续发展的概念、可持续发展与外部性的关系、生态成本等基本问题进行反思的基础上 ,提出在可持续发展的实施过程中要区分两类不同的问题。对于代内的现期环境问题可采取科斯手段与庇古手段来加强治理 ,而对于代际累积的生态问题则需要通过强化制度安排和政策引导来予以解决。     

国外生态税实践及其对我国可持续发展建设的启示

初步探讨了生态税在可持续发展中的作用,认为对于正在实施可持续发展战略的中国来说,课征生态税是实现这个战略的重要手段。     

Race and Population Change: A Longitudinal Look at Cleveland Neighborhoods

This paper investigates the relationship of racial composition to neighborhood population change from 1910 to 1990 in the Cleveland metropolitan area. To better understand the long-term dynamics of urban neighborhood change, we focus our analysis upon the longitudinal relationship of race, socioeconomic status, and life cycle stage to changes in neighborhood population densities. First, we find that the more established neighborhoods of the African-American community have experienced dramatic declines in population since 1950, a pattern that represents a clear change from the earlier part of the twentieth century. Second, population loss is experienced through a variety of mechanisms, including the demolition of dwellings, the increase in housing vacancy, and the decline of household size. Third, much of this population loss should be interpreted within the context of high economic distress, occurring most frequently in older African-American communities. Over time, economic distress appears to be more important than race in and of itself in leading to the loss of neighborhood populations.     

Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries

Many thousands of people in developing country cities depend on recycling materials from waste for their livelihoods. With the focus of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty reduction, and of waste strategies on improving recycling rates, one of the major challenges in solid waste management in developing countries is how best to work with this informal sector to improve their livelihoods, working conditions and efficiency in recycling.The general characteristics of informal recycling are reviewed, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. Despite the health and social problems associated with informal recycling, it provides significant economic benefits that need to be retained. Experience shows that it can be highly counterproductive to establish new formal waste recycling systems without taking into account informal systems that already exist. The preferred option is to integrate the informal sector into waste management planning, building on their practices and experience, while working to improve efficiency and the living and working conditions of those involved. Issues associated with integrating informal recycling into the formal waste management sector are discussed.     

“一核多元”型社区综合整治合作生产模式研究 ———以北京市 J 社区为例

老旧小区综合整治事关公众切身利益,体现国家服务效能与治理能力。 基于合作生产理论、公共价值和战略三角模 型间关系,从党建引领视角提出“一核多元”型综合整治合作生产模式。 以北京市 J 社区为例,采用张力分析工具,从使命管 理、政治管理与运营管理层面建构综合整治张力分析模型。 分析发现,党建引领的综合整治合作生产可促进社区合作生产网 络的形成与发展,这对社区治理模式创新与社区治理共同体建设具有重要意义。     

基于持续竞争能力观的EVA改进

作为业绩衡量的指标,EVA的目的是为了起到更好的激励作用。但实际中却频频起到相反的效果--EVA的激励使经理人不断缩减经营规模。针对上述问题,本文在运用经济学理论对EVA这种业绩评价方式进行深入分析基础上,从持续竞争能力培养的角度提出了EVA的改进方法。