Personal networks typologies: A structural approach

Building typologies allows to compare networks on multiple dimensions, and to approach a generalization grounded on empirical data. In this article, we present a typology of personal networks only based on indicators related to the structure of relations between alters. It is designed from very detailed data on young French people who were involved in a longitudinal study. Our typology mobilizes a small number of indicators to discriminate the types that compose it. In so doing, we intend to make it applicable to various surveys.     

Mobility types,transnational ties and personal networks in four highly skilled immigrant communities in Seville (Spain)

In this study, we explore how different mobility patterns influence the composition and structure of the transnational social support networks and how personal networks allow us to elicit insightful data of mobile individuals. Ninety-five mobile individuals were selected from four distinct communities based in Seville (Spain), namely: Erasmus students, Flamenco artists, musicians from the symphonic orchestra and partners of European Commission researchers. Data were collected through an electronic survey sent by email with multiple name generators and a structured face-to-face interview utilizing a network visualization tool, VennMaker. Two distinct methods, namely qualitative case studies and cluster analysis were used to characterize mobility types. Findings reveal a heterogeneous foreign population, in which different forms of mobility are reflected in the personal networks of mobile individuals. Respondents who were settled in the city were more likely to have networks in which social support was mainly derived by hosts and people in the host location and with whom they communicated predominantly through face-to-face communication. Those who were in the host location for a study exchange, knowing that return to the county of origin is imminent were more likely to have networks linked to the home location. They relied heavily on strong transnational ties in the home country using social media to sustain their relationship. Respondents with an itinerant mobility profile, also had networks dominated by strong transnational ties, however, such ties had a higher degree of geographical spread due to previous international mobility. Participants who had a high number of hosts in the network but low connection between the ties were more likely to be linked to a specific subculture in the host society. The integration in the host location follows a different pattern to other settled individuals, mainly because their connection in the city tends to be community specific.     

论《管锥编》的文学类型理论——兼及《文学理论》的类型理论

文学类型的演变现象是文学史与文学理论经常探讨与研究的对象。文章通过分析《管锥编》一书之中对该问题的深入探讨，研究钱钟书的文学类型理论，认为文学类型的“大体”也就是一个不断产生“变体”的动态演化物，而“变体”作为新旧过渡的桥梁，起着承上启下的重要作用。     

西周趋向动词的类型学考察?

文章以周原甲骨、西周金文和《诗经》的趋向动词为研究对象,进行了穷尽性的分析统计。周原甲骨和西周金文中的趋向动词与《诗经》趋向动词的主要语法功能是相同的,当时民族共同语已在一定程度上形成。同时,《诗经》趋向动词的语法功能明显比周原甲骨和西周金文趋向动词更为丰富且灵活。《诗经》语言反映的是周代民族共同语,其深受商民族语言的影响,而周原甲骨文和西周金文则是周民族语言的典型代表。西周趋向动词可与其它动词构成连动式,能带宾语,但不带宾语的情况更为常见。趋向连动式仍以趋向动词位于其它动词之前为主,位于其它动词之后的仅一见。     

运动事件编码的语言类型学研究

Talmy认为运动事件可以识别出六个认知成分,其中运动的路径是事件的核心图式,根据编码路径的语言成分不同,可以把各种语言分为两类。但后来的研究者认为可以把所有的语言置于一个连续体上,相应地各种语言应分为三类,其中汉语运动事件的表述模式属于第三类。运动事件表述模式的习得过程以及表述模式对认知活动的影响值得进一步研究。     

阳戏的类型学研究

贵州省有着丰富多彩、种类繁多的傩戏,并有一条从原始神巫之戏到有现代人文性、审美性内容的傩戏的完整链条,并且有多样的平行表现,所以,这样的傩戏文化表现,是阳戏类型学,以及贵州傩戏类型学的坚实基础。我们在贵州省傩戏类型丰富表现的背景下,展开了阳戏的类型学研究。贵州有六种大类的傩戏,而阳戏是其中比较重要的一种,它的意义是有着与“傩堂戏”系统完全不同的神性背景,是贵州省学界关注得比较少的一种傩戏。也是一种处于中间发展状态的傩戏。     

What motivates internal whistleblowing? A typology adapted to the French context

Transparency and ethics are nowadays often cited as a way to remedy various difficulties faced by companies. However, whistleblowing employees who are an example of this are potentially confronted with silence or reprisals. The researchers have sought to apprehend the reasons pushing to whistleblow but the motivations are complex. Although some studies have tried to create profiles of whistleblowers, they have been led in cultural and legislative contexts where the whistleblower may be internal or external to the company, act out of revenge, or be financially rewarded for the information reported, none of which the Sapin II law in France permits. Using a qualitative method based on ten life narratives from French employees who have whistleblown, our article seeks to understand their primary motivations for taking this action. The research will first present the French definition of a whistleblower and the motivations identified in the Anglo-Saxon context from which most studies originate. Following the detailed presentation of the methodology, we will explain the typology of four profiles obtained from the analysis of our results and discuss similarities/differences with the Anglo-Saxon work. In a context where many organizations are promoting the establishment of a genuine ethical and democratic spirit, this typology will aim to identify the arguments that can be used upstream to encourage the process. It can also be used as a tool for training managers and employees to better understand whistleblowing, explaining to them that it is part of a predominantly positive approach, thereby limiting reprisals and stimulating the feedback on dysfunctions within the organization.     

Healthcare System Types: A Conceptual Framework for Comparison

This article addresses the need to establish a comprehensive conceptual framework for analysing healthcare systems and their transformations. It begins by offering an overview of the current state of the art in the field, pointing to the literature's absence of conceptual robustness in the definition of system types. By exploring the dimensions 'financing', 'provision' and 'regulation' of healthcare, the article then proceeds deductively in line with the 'Weberian method of ideal-types' to establish a taxonomy of 27 healthcare systems, of which three can be identified as 'ideal-types'. When applying this concept, not only can differences between healthcare systems be analysed, but also changes over time. The article concludes by identifying three forms of healthcare system transformation.     

Typology of causes of poverty: The perception of Iranian farmers

Causal attributions are important mediators of future behaviour because once a cause is assigned; a commensurate action can be taken. The aims of this research were to find how Iranian farmers attribute the causes of poverty, to provide a typology of attribution of causes of poverty as perceived by Iranian farmers and to compare socio-economic characteristics and contextual conditions of farmers based on their causal attribution of poverty type. Findings revealed that 50% of respondents had structuralistic, almost 30% had individualistic, and about 20% hold fatalistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty. Farmers with individualistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty had higher quality of life, well-being, level of agricultural technology, agricultural production, used insurance more often, they had more land, income, access to agricultural extension services and practiced sustainable agriculture more often. Farmers with fatalistic attitudes towards the causes of poverty had the worst condition with regard to the above variables. However, those who had structuralistic attitudes, stood somewhere between the two previous groups. Based on findings, a number of poverty alleviation recommendations are made.