自杀和生命的意义——来自脑科学研究的解读

生命本身是一个随机事件，并不具有高尚的意义。进化的结果使人类可通过工作、家庭和人际关系等给予自己的生命以意义感。当我们的生活方式使脑内奖赏系统获得刺激，就会带来生命具有意义的感受，这种感受给人带来更好的生存机会。生存的欲望是一切生物体最具特征的属性，一些精神疾病患者缺乏这种欲望。自杀主要发生于精神疾病患者，它并非是基于自由意志的行为。抗精神病治疗和适当的社会交往可以预防自杀。由于不同个体有着不同的大脑，人们的生活方式就应该去适应各自大脑的特征。只要人们的生活方式不对他人造成过多的伤害，政府就应该允许和保护人们自由地按照各自的方式生活。     

未成年人犯罪案件审查起诉方式的改革

未成年人犯罪案件有其特殊性 ,而我国现行的刑法、刑事诉讼法对此几乎没有给予适当的关注 ,这不利于依法保护未成年人合法权益 ,不利于减少未成年人犯罪。当前 ,一些地方进行的对未成年人犯罪案件暂缓起诉的改革探索是有益的。建议我国立法机关对此充分重视 ,为未成年人犯罪案件设立有关特别的刑事诉讼程序。     

脑死亡立法的社会意义及面临的困难

长期以来,心肺功能完全丧失一直是判定死亡的标准。然而,随着现代医学的进步,这一标准已不再适应科学的发展和社会的需要,脑死亡标准应运而生。世界上已有许多国家接受了脑死亡标准,并制订了相应的法律条例。我国在这方面才刚刚起步,在此过程中必然会遇到一些困难。因此,脑死亡立法应当谨慎进行。     

Marital Conflict,Ineffective Parenting,and Children's and Adolescents' Maladjustment

Data from the 1988 National Survey on Families and Households were analyzed to examine the associations among marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children's and adolescents' maladjustment. Parents' use of harsh discipline and low parental involvement helped explain the connection between marital conflict and children's maladjustment in children aged 2 through 11. Parent‐child conflict was measured only in families with a target teenager and also was a significant mediator. Although ineffective parenting explained part of the association between marital conflict and children's maladjustment, independent effects of marital conflict remained in families with target children aged 2 through 11 (but not for families with a teenager). With a few exceptions, this pattern of findings was consistent for mothers' and fathers' reports, for daughters and sons, for families with various ethnic backgrounds, and for families living in and out of poverty.     

青少年疏离感的特点及其与家庭功能的关系

通过对875名初一至高二学生的问卷调查,探讨了青少年疏离感发展的特点及其与家庭功能的关系。结果发现：（1）青少年的环境疏离感最高,其次是社会疏离感,人际疏离感最低。（2）高中生疏离感显著高于初中生,在每一年龄段内,疏离感随年级升高而增强;但青少年疏离感性别差异不显著。（3）家庭功能中的角色、沟通、情感反应和情感介入可以显著正向预测青少年的疏离感,问题解决和行为控制对青少年疏离感的预测不显著。     

试论企业中层危机的管理对策——以黄石企业为例

中层危机是目前企业经营过程中经常出现的问题，也是制约企业发展的瓶颈。本文在介绍企业中层危机的基础上，分析了其产生的原因，并针对黄石企业人力资源开发与管理的现状，就如何解决夤石企业中层危机提出对策和建设性建议。     

A case of suspected child abuse by an adolescent mother: The use of short-term psychotherapy

The incidence of pregnancy during adolescence has escalated dramatically in recent years, with an estimated half a million infants born to teenagers each year in the United States. A disproportionately high amount of child abuse and/or neglect is encountered among adolescent parents, underscoring the need for an effective intervention strategy. Short-term psychotherapy may be beneficial in these cases for forging a therapeutic alliance expeditiously and rigorously challenging the patient's resistance. The case described involves alleged abuse by a 16-year-old mother. An intervention was designed to clarify the allegations surrounding the abusive incident, help the mother confront episodes of loss in her own life and overcome feelings of hopelessness engendered by separation from her infant.     

Adolescent parenthood,economic issues,and social policies

Adolescent parenthood has highly publicized adverse social and economic consequences, but these same social and economic disadvantages can be viewed as root causes of adolescent pregnancy. Recent research and revisionist debates about these issues are reviewed and summarized. Diverse implications for social policy are considered. Prevention approaches are emphasized that build on both postponing adolescent sexual intercourse and helping sexually active teens avoid pregnancy.Appreciation is expressed to Christine Bachrach and Kristin Moore for their comments on a previous version of this paper.Dr. Miller's current research interests are the family antecedents of adolescent sexual behavior and the design and evaluation of prevention programs for adolescent problem behaviors. He received his Ph.D. in family sociology from the University of Minnesota in 1975.     

平角涡虫(Planocera reticulata)脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位

研究了平角涡虫（Ｐｌａｎｏｃｅｒａｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ）脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位．结果表明,胆碱酯酶阳性细胞分别分布于脑神经节的吻端腹侧面、前腹侧面、中央腹侧面和后背侧面的细胞层中,各阳性细胞在脑神经节中均为左右对称分布．前腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向背内侧延伸,经交叉后进入对侧纤维网中;中央腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向中线延伸形成联系;后背侧阳性细胞的突起向腹外侧延伸进入同侧纤维网中．神经节中央的神经纤维网中具有丰富的阳性纤维,前部反应较强,后端反应较弱．由脑神经节发出的各神经干均呈胆碱酯酶阳性反应．     

基于本体系统的知识管理人工智能研究

分析了知识管理中的信息组织难题和群体过程非结构化特性的本质意义. 介绍了用于解 决人工智能中非结构化问题的本体系统方法. 并通过支持群体交互知识管理的电子公共大脑 本体系统设计的案例,对本体系统方法的概念、构成和应用方法作了具有典型意义的示例性 介绍.