State work and the testing concours of citizenship

Anyone trying to be a citizen has to pass through a set of practices trying to be a state. This paper investigates some of the ways testing practices calibrate citizens, and in doing so, perform “the state.” The paper focuses on three forms of citizenship testing, which it considers exemplary forms of “state work,” and which all, in various ways, concern “migration.” First, the constitution of a “border crossing,” which requires an identity test configured by deceptibility. Second, the Dutch asylum process, in which “being gay” can, in certain cases, be reason for being granted asylum, but where “being gay” is also the outcome of an examination organized by suspicion. And third, the Dutch measurement of immigrants’ “integration,” which is comprised of a testing process in which such factishes as “being a member of society” and “being modern” surface. Citizenship is analyzed in this paper as accrued and (re)configured along a migration trajectory that takes shape as a testing concours, meaning that subjects become citizens along a trajectory of testing practices. In contributing both to work on states and citizenship, and to work on testing, this paper thus puts forward the concept of citizenship testing as state work, where “state work is the term for that kind of labor that most knows itself as comparison, equivalency, and exchange in the social realm” (Harney, 2002, pp. 10–11). Throughout the testing practices discussed here, comparison, equivalency, and exchange figure prominently as the practical achievements of crafting states and citizens.     

Precarious intimacies – Europeanised border regime and migrant sex work

This article examines the meaning of borders – the spaces where immigration policies and restrictions are materially condensed – in the lives of migrant sex workers. I provide a theoretical and conceptual framework to discuss the role of borders in creating living and working conditions for sex workers within the European border regime. This regime both restricts and enables a structural background for migrant sex work. I argue that sex work scholars should pay closer attention to the heterogeneity of non-citizenship and the effects of different immigration statuses on the working conditions and forms of intimacies migrants create. Borders need to be viewed as institutions that produce social relations. I categorise these relations as precarious intimacies to describe the ways in which intimacy, commerce and borders often intertwine in the lives of migrants engaged in commercial sex work. The article draws upon 18-month ethnographic fieldwork among and interviews with migrant sex workers in Finland.     

边疆人类学概述

人类学家关于边疆和边界的研究包括将内涵和认同层面存在差异的各个世界分离和联系起来的文化边疆,标示出地理空间的边疆以及形塑社会关系秩序和界定“社群”（community）成员资格的边疆。这些文化、领土和社会维度常常交叠在一起,构成了一个整体性的边疆人类学。目前,社会科学已经逐步将对边疆关注的焦点聚集到其关系性和动态性两个方面,不再将其视为政治边缘,而是嵌入到日常生活中,这也是人类学长期坚持的一种探索路径。     

Europe's failed ‘fight’ against irregular migration: ethnographic notes on a counterproductive industry

Despite Europe's mass investments in advanced border controls, people keep arriving along the continent's shores under desperate circumstances. European attempts to ‘secure’ or ‘protect’ the borders have quite clearly failed, as politicians themselves increasingly recognise – yet more of the same response is again rolled out in response to the escalating ‘refugee crisis’. Amid the deadlock, this article argues that we need to grasp the mechanics and logics of the European ‘border security model’ in order to open up for a change of course. Through ethnographic examples from the Spanish-African borders, the article shows how the striving for border security under a prevailing emergency frame has generated absurd incentives, negative path dependencies and devastating consequences. At Europe's frontiers, an industry of border controls has emerged, involving European defence contractors, member state security forces and their African counterparts, as well as a range of non-security actors. Whenever another ‘border crisis’ occurs, this industry grows again, feeding on its own apparent ‘failures’. This vicious cycle may be broken, the article concludes, once policy-makers start curtailing the economies of border security underpinning it – yet the challenges are formidable as the industry retrenches along with the political response to the drama it has itself produced.     

Immigrants,Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Abstract

This article reviews policies and services related to immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in the U.S. Definitions of immigration categories are provided to clarify the context in which services operate. Particular attention is given to issues that are unique to populations of the Southwest. Historical information on this region is offered; immigration trends and recent statistics are presented. The article is based on published data; field interviews with personnel in selected immigrant and refugee serving social agencies are used to compliment the literature. The authors highlight the social consequences of the global phenomenon of migration, whether motivated by economic or political realities. Recommendations for those who serve immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers are offered.     

Terrorist Population Dynamics Model

A system that includes a number of terrorist cells is considered. The cells can consist of one or more terrorists. The current number of terrorist cells is further denoted by N(t), where t is a current time counted from any appropriate origin. The objective is to find the evolution of the system in terms of N(t) and some interpretable parameters, such as the initial number of the terrorist cells N0=N(0), the cell disabling rate constant lambda (or the cell half-life t1/2), and the rate of formation of new cells P. The cost-effectiveness analysis, performed in the framework of the model, reveals that the effectiveness of disabling a terrorist cell is getting worse after 2-3 half-lives of a cell, which shows that if the anti-terrorist actions have not reached their goal during that time, the respective policy should be considered for revision, using the risk assessment consideration. Another important issue raised concerns balancing the efforts related to counterterrorism actions inside the system and the efforts protecting its borders. The respective data analysis is suggested and illustrated using simulated data.     

论艺术设计教学中创造性思维能力的培养

21世纪,经济的全球化,设计的创新性显得尤为重要.本文主要从培养学生的兴趣爱好,拓展边缘学科知识,提高综合素质能力;从传统艺术和民间艺术中去体悟并发现新的创意元素;培养学生徒手绘制的能力,养成手脑结合的创作习惯这三个方面探讨如何培养学生的创造性思维能力.     

论岑隆业小说《女儿渡》的女性边界——新时期百色作家群研究之二

女性边界是女性作为主体的自我边界或自我界限,是女性主体意识的一种表现。岑隆业小说《女儿渡》构建了一个女性文化主体的社会形态,呈现出强烈的女性边界,文章主要从三个方面进行论述:(一)地理边界:荒蛮状态下坚忍的生存意志;(二)情感边界:浓烈的原生态女性情爱观念;(三)性别边界:自然的女性主体性生殖情怀。     

全面建设小康社会与湘鄂渝黔边旅游业发展战略研究

本文分析了湘鄂渝黔边民族地区在全面建设小康社会中面临的艰巨任务,论述了该地区发展旅游业的产业优势、资源优势、区位优势,提出构建湘鄂渝黔边特色旅游区,对于促进和推动该区域经济的全面发展具有重要意义.     

守旧与改造：训诂学的二难处境——从训诂学性质之争说起

长期以来训诂学界存在着训诂学性质之争,众多的训诂学著作时常发生"撞车"的现象,现代训诂学显得并不成熟,并且在守旧与改造的矛盾运动中,训诂学往往面临二难处境:如果守旧,那么训诂学势必式微而最后走向终结;如果改造,那么训诂学可能脱胎换骨而最后走向终结.训诂学在加强自身改造的同时,如果注意吸收现代词汇学、语义学以及相关学科的成果,着力加强理论建设和应用性研究,形成百家争鸣、新体系迭出的局面,那么训诂学不仅完全可以走出它目前所面临着的二难处境,并且完全可以走向成熟与繁荣.