Elder Abuse and Neglect in South Africa: A Case of Marginalization,Disrespect, Exploitation and Violence

ABSTRACT

The problem of elder abuse and neglect in South Africa is widespread, but the definition of abuse remains problematic. An expanded typology is needed to classify certain types of abuse reported commonly, such as marginalization, disrespect, exploitation and violence. The history of elder abuse and responses is traced, relevant legislation and selected intervention programs are reviewed, and research and the status of elder abuse are evaluated. Interventions to address sociostructural factors that impact elders' settings, increase their vulnerability, and diminish their ability to realize human rights can contribute to an improvement in their condition and a reduction in abuse and rights violations in the long-term.     

和谐社会中爱的承认之维——以霍耐特承认理论为视角

爱是一种承认关系,它是交往主体情感需要在他者中的自我实现。伦理实体中爱的互惠性使个体在社会交往过程中获得作为参与社会公共生活的必要前提的基本自信。但作为对应于承认关系的否定性等价物,蔑视总是同爱相连。蔑视是对承认关系的破坏,是对个人完整性的否定和实践自我关系的损害。在和谐社会建设进程中,任何对社会爱的秩序的破坏行为,都会受到具有自我同一性要求的主体有力的回击。     

Contempt and disgust: the emotions of disrespect

Contempt and disgust share a number of features which distinguish them from other hostile emotions: they both present two distinct facets—a nonmoral facet and a moral one; they both imply a negative evaluation of the dispositional kind as well as disrespect towards the target of the feeling; and they trigger avoidance and exclusion action tendencies. However, while sharing a common core, contempt and disgust are in our view distinct emotions, qualified by different cognitive‐motivational features. Contempt is felt exclusively towards human targets, and implies sense of superiority over them, pessimistic feelings about their possibility of betterment, detachment from them, and avoidance driven by detachment; whereas disgust can be directed at a wide range of possible targets, and implies contamination sensitivity, fear of contamination, and fear‐driven avoidance. The differences between contempt and disgust are related to the different kinds of standard against which the target is evaluated, and the different kinds of disrespect engendered by the negative evaluation.     

因言何以获罪? ———“谋大逆”与清代文字狱研究

文字狱是专制社会的产物.那么,因言何以获罪？获何罪？如何处刑？文章认为,中国古代文字狱的定罪处刑经历了一个逐渐发展的过程.隋唐之前,对文字狱的处罚,罪名不一;“十恶”定型之后,主要以“大不敬”处罚;明清时期,由于“大不敬”条文的变化,使得“谋大逆”取代“大不敬”成为处罚文字狱最主要的罪名.通过对“谋大逆”的发展源流、内涵等的仔细辨析,我们发现,恰恰是“谋大逆”在内涵和外延上的不确定性极大方便了统治者在文字狱认定及其处罚上的任意所为.最后,在具体案件的处理中,清代文字狱也并非全部是按照“谋大逆”定罪处刑,而是形成了一个以“谋大逆”为首的罪名群,为了加强治理效果,也往往会使用杖毙等法外之刑.     

Explaining the motivational forces of (<Emphasis Type="Italic">dis</Emphasis>)Respect: How self-focused and group-focused concerns can result in the display of group-serving efforts

The current article explains the motives underlying respect-and disrespect induced group-serving efforts. Research showed that intra-group respect increases individuals’ engagement with their group and subsequent intentions to show group-serving efforts. We refer to this process as ‘the group-focused motive’. Based on a recent program of research on actual effort and performance evaluations, we conclude that respect-induced group-serving efforts are not only due to enhanced engagement with the group. In addition, we posit that behavioral motivations can also stem from self-focused concerns — we refer to these as ‘self-focused motives’. We argue that the perception of being respected boosts the self-evaluation of individual group members. Maintenance of this positive self-evaluation, together with respect-induced enhanced self-confidence, can cause individuals to show more contextual performance. Finally, when individuals are disrespected, this impacts negatively on their self-perception. As a result, these individuals show group-serving efforts in an attempt to re-establish their self-worth, and this occurs relatively independently of improvement concerns for the group. Dick de Gilder (TC.de.Gilder@fsw.vu.nl) currently is associate professor of organizational behavior at the VU University in Amsterdam. He studied at the University of Amsterdam and received his Ph.D. from the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. His research interests include organizational commitment, error management, and research management.     

污渎之中的游戏:马致远隐逸文化精神探析

元代文人马致远的隐逸与东晋诗人陶渊明真正归于冲淡平和的隐逸并非完全相同。马致远在特殊的社会氛围中极力彰显道家隐逸文化精神,构成了元代文人"后陶渊明情结"的重要内涵,表现为在对污渎现实的参破和觉醒中,其人生观念与审美意绪的极力张扬,主体人格与生命意识的狂飙突进,不甘与无奈之中的游戏人生,代表着元代俗文学锐意创新的审美倾向。     

神性与人性的对话——藏族和古希腊关于人类起源神话之比较

藏族和古希腊关于人类起源神话都反映了“神造人”的世界性母题,体现了早期先民们对自身起源之谜的大胆探索,充满了神奇瑰丽的想象和创造精神;另外,二者都揭示了劳动与人类产生之间的密切关系,透露出强烈的人本主义色彩。作为不同文化的产物,藏族人类起源神话带有最素朴的唯物色彩,但已有后期佛教思想明显改造的痕迹,其“善”与“恶”对立统一的二元论思想构成了藏族文化哲学思维的基础;古希腊人类起源神话带有强烈的抗争精神,其精髓是西方“渎神”精神、悲剧精神的具体体现和升华。     

Recognition and judgement in social work

The purpose of this article is to argue for recognition as a normative ideal for social work and to confront the ideal with the reality found in the social institutions. I shall use the concept ‘judgement’ to describe institutional routines and ways of thinking which constitute barriers to recognition. In the first part, I outline the normative ideal and show its relevance for practical social work on the basis of social clients’ experiences of disrespect. In the second, I explain the concept of judgement and criticise the prevailing forms of judgement to be found in social institutions. In my interpretation these pose an obstacle to recognition.