教师话语标记语与课堂语境

在话语交际中,说话人为了实现交际目的,不仅要传递基本信息,还要用恰当的语言手段和语言成分来传达语用信息,构建语篇语境。话语标记语是说话人明示话语意图的手段,是听话人推导话语意义的标识。课堂语境具有很强的可构建性,教师话语标记语对课堂语境的构建起着重要的作用。     

《红楼梦》语篇体裁标记语的英译

近年来《红楼梦》英译研究发展迅速,许多学者都从不同领域对其进行研究。但将功能语篇分析理论应用到《红楼梦》及其英译文的对比研究,国内外尚不多见。本文将以韩礼德系统功能语言学作为理论基础,从语篇分析的角度,以《红楼梦》原著及其杨宪益夫妇的英译本为语料,重点讨论《红楼梦》作为章回小说,其语篇体裁标记语在英译文中如何处理的。     

Point Estimates of Test Sensitivity and Specificity from Sample Means and Variances

In a wide variety of biomedical and clinical research studies, sample statistics from diagnostic marker measurements are presented as a means of distinguishing between two populations, such as with and without disease. Intuitively, a larger difference between the mean values of a marker for the two populations, and a smaller spread of values within each population, should lead to more reliable classification rules based on this marker. We formalize this intuitive notion by deriving practical, new, closed-form expressions for the sensitivity and specificity of three different discriminant tests defined in terms of the sample means and standard deviations of diagnostic marker measurements. The three discriminant tests evaluated are based, respectively, on the Euclidean distance and the Mahalanobis distance between means, and a likelihood ratio analysis. Expressions for the effects of measurement error are also presented. Our final expressions assume that the diagnostic markers follow independent normal distributions for the two populations, although it will be clear that other known distributions may be similarly analyzed. We then discuss applications drawn from the medical literature, although the formalism is clearly not restricted to that application.     

论我国买方市场条件下经济结构的战略性调整

在我国当前特殊的经济环境下形成的买方市场,不同于西方发达国家的买方市场,具有典型的经济过剩特征。它的出现标志着我国经济发展到了一个关键阶段,经济结构的调整已经十分突出地摆在了我们面前,加大经济结构调整的力度是加快我国经济发展的关键一环。     

话语标记语的动态性和主观性研究——兼谈认知参照视点视角下的话语标记语的认知机制

话语标记语是一个复杂的语用现象。本文首先从话语的动态性和话语的主观性两个方面对话语标记语的语用作用进行了分析。话语标记语是话语理解过程中的一种明示导向标记,对构建话语语境、理解说话者的话语意图起着重要作用。然后,以认知参照点为视角,分析了话语标记语存在的理据。认知参照点理论对话语标记语的认知机制有较强的解释力,为分析话语标记语提供了一个新的理论框架。     

复合免疫刺激物——大肠杆菌苗的研制及效力测定

采用对比试验方法 ,以小白鼠为实验动物 ,进行了复合免疫刺激物———大肠杆菌苗的研制及效力测定。结果表明 :试验组菌苗的保护率为 84 .6 2 % ,高于对照组、氢氧化铝胶苗组 5 3.85 %(P <0 .0 5 )、蜂胶佐剂苗组 5 8.33% (P <0 .0 5 )、空白对照组 38.4 6 % (P <0 .0 1) ;试验组小白鼠的增重率为 2 7.5 2 % ,高于对照组氢氧化铝胶苗组 2 2 .31% (P <0 .0 1)、蜂胶佐剂苗组 2 3.98% (P <0 .0 1)、空白对照组 17.2 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ;试验组免疫器官指数为 8.0 1% ,高于空白对照组 7.6 7% (P <0 .0 1)与铝胶苗组 7.96 % (P >0 .0 5 )。表明该复合免疫刺激物———大肠杆菌苗的免疫效力较好 ,复合免疫刺激物具有较强的免疫增强力 ,是一种较好的免疫佐剂。     

受免疫原理启发的Web攻击检测方法

随着Internet应用的不断深入,Web服务器成为了黑客的主要攻击目标。为克服传统误用入侵检测系统无法识别未知Web攻击和异常入侵检测系统误报率高等缺陷,受生物免疫系统启发,该文提出了一种基于免疫原理的Web攻击检测方法。给出了自体、非自体、抗原、抗体基因库、免疫细胞等的数学定义,描述了免疫学习算法。对比实验结果表明该方法较传统的基于神经网络和ID3算法的Web攻击检测技术能有效检测未知Web攻击,具有检测率和分类率高、误报率低和实时高效等特点,是检测Web攻击的一种有效新途径。     

基于协调发展度的重大工程团队免疫系统健康评价研究

为评价重大工程团队免疫系统的健康和协调发展状况,本文提出了一种基于协调发展度的评价模型。首先通过文献查询和深度访谈,构建能够体现重大工程团队免疫系统特征的健康评价指标体系;其次利用改进的DEMATEL确定指标权重,然后采用多层次模糊综合评价将相关指标定量化,最终得出重大工程团队免疫系统的健康指数和协调发展度;再次确立重大工程团队免疫系统健康等级和协调发展度划分标准,同时提出免疫系统健康的跟踪评价策略;最后,利用本文模型对某跨国输气管道工程团队的免疫系统进行实证研究。结果表明,协调发展度模型既能反映重大工程团队免疫系统的整体健康程度,又能衡量固有性免疫和适应性免疫的协调发展状况,同时对免疫系统健康的跟踪评价也取得了良好效果。     

Performing India in America through Pragma-Cultural Markers

Intercultural Communication is marked in literary discourse in numerous ways. Diasporic literary discourse representing intercultural communication uses pragma-cultural markers such as food and music as tools of intercultural communication. This paper attempts to examine intercultural communication foregrounding these pragma-cultural markers as represented in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Queen of Dreams within the framework provided by Relevance Theory (:249). This paper foregrounds the manner in which writers like Divakaruni deploy pragma-cultural markers to express multiple linguistic and cultural perspectives in their literary narratives, thereby portraying an amalgamation of America and India and facilitating intercultural communication which is a dialectical process, as on the one hand the “America” that is in the hearts, minds, and words of these writers shapes their expressions and on the other, their growing presence in terms of their literary output is changing the definition of American art and culture.     

从关联理论角度探讨话语标记语oh的语用功能

关联理论为探讨语言形式与话语理解之间的关系提供了理论框架。在该理论的基础上,从认知—语用的角度分析总结了话语标记语oh在言语交际中的六个语用功能:信息修正标记、话语延缓标记、话轮转换标记、信息追加标记、认可旧信息标记和获得新信息标记,进一步揭示了言语交际的动态性,以期帮助人们更好地生成理解话语。