小额信贷经理人愿意扶贫吗？——基于西北地区贫困县152位信贷经理人的经验分析

基于西北5省15个国家级贫困县152位信贷经理人的问卷调查,分析了小额信贷经理人的扶贫意愿、行为以及影响因素。经验研究结果表明：在调研的国家级贫困县中,尽管近六成小额信贷经理人向贫困户发放过贷款,但业务量总体较少,具有信贷扶贫意愿的不到2成;性别、教育背景、收入满意度、信贷决策自主性、放贷任务以及是否完成任务对信贷扶贫业务有显著影响;性别和信贷自主权对扶贫意愿具有显著影响。由此,在信贷扶贫项目选择信贷经理人时,采取差异化策略,有序放松信贷自主权,加强扶贫效果考核,对提高金融扶贫绩效会起到积极的作用。     

The risks and incentives of disciplinary neoliberal feminism: the case of microfinance

This article develops an analysis of the concept of disciplinary neo-liberal feminism through a focus on gendered poverty alleviation strategies and illustrates the value of this through a discussion of microfinance. By locating this study within an analysis of the expansion of global capital accumulation, the article argues that the liberal frameworks of female empowerment and entrepreneurialism that are central to these programs and to feminism in this form, mask their underlying political, social and economic objectives. In contrast, a Marxist Feminist approach more adequately explains the interplay of class and gender that underpins poverty alleviation strategies. This article argues that in the context of financial crisis and reduced social provision, women living in poverty in the Global South were identified as targets for the expansion of global finance. Their integration into global financial networks via microfinance and other pro-poor strategies has facilitated the expansion of markets for credit while at the same time disciplining market participation through the twin forces of risk and incentive. Disciplinary neo-liberal feminism has underpinned this incorporation of women into global capital accumulation creating profound effects for households and families, with microfinance programs representing important sites of contestation for the politics of class and gender.     

Sustainability and depth of outreach: Evidence from microfinance institutions in sub‐Saharan Africa

The feasibility of microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand outreach to the poorest while remaining financially sustainable has long been debated. Using data from 206 MFIs in 33 African countries, we adopt the three‐stage least square technique to assess whether a trade‐off exists between sustainability and outreach depth. Our results confirm the existence of a trade‐off. The evidence also supports ongoing subsidies for MFIs with the aim of encouraging outreach. In addition, we examine whether there is an inflection point beyond which higher interest rates reduce profitability for MFIs. We find no evidence of a threshold beyond which profitability is reduced.     

社会企业视角下的小额信贷可持续发展研究——以宁夏盐池小额信贷转型实践为例

宁夏盐池小额信贷是全国第一家获准转型为小额信贷公司的公益性小额信贷机构。转型后,盐池小额信贷非但没有偏离其扶贫目标,反而由于服务能力的提高而使扶贫目标在更大范围和更深层次上得到实现。文章在实地调研的基础上,从社会企业的视角出发,对盐池小额信贷的经验及具体做法进行了深入的研究和总结,以期对其他同类小额信贷机构平衡双重目标约束,保证小额信贷的可持续发展提供有益的借鉴和启示。     

小额信贷可持续发展面临的问题及对策分析

小额信贷引入我国已有近二十年了,对我国的扶贫攻坚计划起了重要的作用,但随着经济形势的变化,小额信贷面临一些新的问题。本文从小额信贷的产品设计、目标群体的定位、财务可持续以及面临的风险等四个方面出发,分析了其面临的可持续问题,并在此基础上提出了相关对策。     

Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries With a Consumer Credit Field Experiment

Information asymmetries are important in theory but difficult to identify in practice. We estimate the presence and importance of hidden information and hidden action problems in a consumer credit market using a new field experiment methodology. We randomized 58,000 direct mail offers to former clients of a major South African lender along three dimensions: (i) an initial “offer interest rate” featured on a direct mail solicitation; (ii) a “contract interest rate” that was revealed only after a borrower agreed to the initial offer rate; and (ii) a dynamic repayment incentive that was also a surprise and extended preferential pricing on future loans to borrowers who remained in good standing. These three randomizations, combined with complete knowledge of the lender's information set, permit identification of specific types of private information problems. Our setup distinguishes hidden information effects from selection on the offer rate (via unobservable risk and anticipated effort), from hidden action effects (via moral hazard in effort) induced by actual contract terms. We find strong evidence of moral hazard and weaker evidence of hidden information problems. A rough estimate suggests that perhaps 13% to 21% of default is due to moral hazard. Asymmetric information thus may help explain the prevalence of credit constraints even in a market that specializes in financing high‐risk borrowers.     

Innovations to Make Markets More Inclusive for the Poor

Market failures, government failures and some of the characteristics of both the poor and business actors as well as their environment can act as barriers preventing the poor from participating more actively in markets, both as consumers and as producers. Private actors ‐ including for‐profit and not‐for‐profit entities, often in partnership with the public sector ‐ have been able to mitigate some of these constraints through innovations that have helped to make markets more inclusive for the poor, enabling them not just to gain access, but also to participate in ways that enhance their economic empowerment and human development. This article identifies the strategies and innovations used and devises a possible typology for them.     

The challenges of poverty and social welfare in the Caribbean

Poverty and related social problems have presented a long-standing challenge to policy makers and development planners throughout the Caribbean. This article is a social primer on anti-poverty strategies and welfare programmes established in Caribbean countries. It presents a comprehensive overview of poverty and attendant problems, discusses the social welfare approach and poverty reduction strategies, and outlines practical proposals for pursuing social development.     

农村政策性小额林权证抵押贷款研究综述

小额林权证抵押贷款模式研究对有效解决林农资金缺口、提高林农收入、调整林业产业结构和规模化经营、制订科学的林业公共政策具有重要的现实意义。基于文献分析和实地调研数据,对林权抵押贷款研究文献进行分类统计,对小额林权证抵押贷款的相关概念、经济学和产权理论进行总结。结合我国小额林权证抵押贷款模式的实践经验,借鉴国外制度型农村小额贷款的运转经验,以及各利益相关者在实践中遇到的问题,提出建立和完善政策性农村小额林权证抵押贷款模式,是一段时期内林业小额融资的重要发展模式。     

可持续经营下村镇银行信贷利率实证研究

依据国际上小额信贷先进的盈亏平衡模型和Rosenberg模型,以中国6家村镇银行作为研究对象,从信贷利率角度分析中国村镇银行未来长期内应该实行的政策。实证结果表明,推行适当的高利率是符合市场规律的,这是开展服务于\