中古墓志铭的文体形态与书写规则

魏晋南北朝至隋唐五代的中古时期，墓志铭在发展演变过程中呈现出完备的文体形态，形成了特定的书写规则。首先，中古墓志铭是由多重载体构成的特殊体制，至少存在文本、书法与实物三重载体。其次，中古墓志铭的文体特征表现为志铭分撰现象更加凸显，墓志与诗体进一步交融，铭文的体式逐渐丰富。再者，唐代墓志铭的书写规则主要有逐步完备的题款、偶尔出现的注文、特殊的平阙格式。最后，墓志铭的集本与石本文字书写方式有所不同，比较集本与石本，更有助于我们把握墓志铭的文体特质。     

Comparing the efficacy of electronic-tablet to paper-based surveys for on-site survey administration

This study compares cost, completion times, and percent completion of electronic tablet (n = 244) to paper-based (n = 398) questionnaires administered to participants of scenic raft trips on the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park. We hypothesized e-tablet questionnaires would (1) cost less (2) be completed faster and (3) be completely filled more frequently than paper-based questionnaires. Our survey resulted in a greater per unit cost of e-tablet compared to paper-based questionnaires ($4.17 and $1.80, respectively). Although e-tablets were completed faster (230 [±66] s) than paper questionnaires (235 [±57] s), the difference was not significant (t₍₆₄₁₎ = 1.97, p = 0.39). E-tablets were filled completely more frequently than paper questionnaires (80% vs. 51%, respectively; χ² = 3.84, p < 0.01). We suggest that for multi-year projects with a sample size target of ≥100, and length ≥ 5 pages, e-tablets are more cost effective and efficient than paper-based surveys.